南京市郊主要蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状评价

以ＷＨＯ／ＦＡＯ规定的日允许摄入量换算得到的标准评价了南京市郊主要蔬菜品种的ＮＯ－３污染状况。结果表明，双闸镇蔬菜基地的大白菜和青菜样品属重污染，菠菜属轻污染，萝卜污染程度居中，因而有必要采取有效的污染防治措施     

废铁屑修复汞污染土壤的实验研究

应用工厂废弃物—铁屑做原料,探讨不同铁屑投加量对修复不同土壤类型、不同程度汞污染土壤的能力,并与修复水体汞污染作了对比;另外,首次将淋滤法与国际上新兴的土壤、地下水修复技术-PRB技术结合,研究其修复土壤汞污染的效果。结果表明,废铁屑可很快去除水体中的汞,去除率可达93%;在铁屑存在下,能一定程度预防和修复土壤汞污染,在相同水体汞污染程度条件下,时间是影响土壤汞污染程度的主要因素;在CaCl2淋洗液作用下的模拟PRB实验中,土壤有效汞含量降低,同时淋洗液中汞质量浓度低于1μg·L-1。因此,用废铁屑能有效预防和修复土壤汞污染,且将淋滤法与PRB技术联用,与将铁屑直接撒入土壤中相比效果好得多,且不会引起后续的水体二次污染,是一种很有应用潜力、值得深入研究的土壤修复方法。     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

Assessment of groundwater contamination using geographic information systems

In this study two sites were selected in order to investigate groundwater contamination and spatial relationships among groundwater quality, topography, geology, landuse and pollution sources. One site is the Asan area, an agricultural district where pollution sources are scattered and which is mainly underlain by granite of Cretaceous age. The other site is the Gurogu area of Seoul city, an industrial district where an industrial complex and residential areas are located and which is mainly underlain by gneiss of Precambrian age. Groundwater samples collected from these districts were analysed for chemical constituents. An attribute value files of chemical constituents of groundwater and the spatial data layers were constructed and pollution properties were investigated to establish out spatial relationships between the groundwater constituents and pollution sources using geographic information systems (GIS).Relatively high contents of Si and HCO₃ ^– in the groundwater from the Asan area reflect the effect of water–rock interaction whereas high contents of Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and Ca²⁺ in the groundwater from the Gurogu area are due to the pollution of various sources. The significant seasonal variation of SiO₂, HCO₂ ^– and Ca²⁺ contents, and that of Ca²⁺ content were observed in the Asan and the Gurogu areas, respectively. Seasonal variation of pollutants such as Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– was not observed in either area. Pollution over the critical level of the Korean drinking water standard has been investigated from 15 sampling sites out of 40 in the Asan area, and 33 sampling sites out of 51 in the Gurogu area. Pollution by NO₃ ^–, Cl^–, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, SO₄ ^2– and Zn²⁺ in the groundwater from the industrial district (Gurogu area) and that of NO₃ , SO₄ ^2– and Zn²⁺ in the groundwater from the agricultural district (Asan area) were observed. The principal pollutant in both areas is NO₃ ^–. Deep groundwater from the Asan area is not yet contaminated with NO₃ ^– except for one site, but most of the shallow groundwater site occurring near the potential point sources is seriously contaminated. From the result of buffering analysis, it seems clear that factories and stock farms are the principal pollution sources in the Asan area. The groundwater from the Gurogu area has already been seriously polluted considering the fact of NO₃ ^– contamination of deep groundwater. Chlorine pollution of shallow groundwater in the Gurogu area was also observed. Spatial relationship between pollution level and its source was clarified in this study by using GIS, which will be applicable to the effective management of groundwater quality.     

山东博山地下水污染的数学模拟

在分析研究区的水文地质特征和地下水污染情况的基础上，用模糊数学方法进行地下水水质评价，用趋势面分析和Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ方法模拟地下水中污染物的空间分布，用灰色系统方法和对流－弥散方程的特征有限元解模拟地下水中污染物随时间的分布并且进行污染的预测，对各种方法的特点和应用条件进行了分析，表明和数学模拟方法进行地下水污染的定量研究是可行的。     

Compound contamination and secondary ecological effects of Cd and As in soil-alfalfa ecosystems

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Use of tree rings to investigate the onset of contamination of a shallow aquifer by chlorinated hydrocarbons

Oaks (Quercus velutina Lam.) growing over a shallow aquifer contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons were studied to determine if it was possible to estimate the approximate year that contamination began. The annual rings of some trees downgradient from the contaminant release site contained elevated concentrations of chloride possibly derived from dechlorination of contaminants. Additionally, a radial-growth decline began in these trees at approximately the same time that chloride became elevated. Growth did not decline in trees that contained smaller concentrations of chloride. The source of elevated chloride and the corresponding reductions in tree growth could not be explained by factors other than contamination. On the basis of tree-ring evidence alone, the release occurred in the late 1960s or early 1970s. Contaminant release at a second location apparently occurred in the mid- to late 1970s, suggesting that the area was used for disposal for at least 5 years and possibly longer.     

Contaminated sediments and bioassay responses of three macroinvertebrates, the midge larva Chironomus riparius, the water louse Asellus aquaticus and the mayfly nymph Ephoron virgo

Bioassays are widely used to estimate ecological risks of contaminated sediments. We compared the results of three whole sediment bioassays, using the midge larva Chironomus riparius, the water louse Asellus aquaticus, and the mayfly nymph Ephoron virgo. We used sediments from sixteen locations in the Dutch Rhine-Meuse Delta that differed in level of contamination. Previously developed protocols for each bioassay were followed, which differed in sediment pretreatment, replication, and food availability. The Chironomus bioassay was conducted in situ, whereas the other two were conducted in the laboratory. The measured endpoints, survival and growth, were related to contaminant levels in the sediment and to food quantity in water and sediment.

Only the response of A. aquaticus in the bioassay was correlated with sediment contamination. Food availability in overlying water was much more important for C. riparius and E. virgo, thereby masking potential sediment contaminant effects. We conclude that growth of A. aquaticus was depressed by sediment contamination, whereas growth of E. virgo and C. riparius was stimulated by seston food quantity. We discuss that the trophic state of the ecosystem largely affects the ecological risks of contaminated sediments.     

常熟河网区水污染物总量控制研究

基于常熟河网原型调水实验和水功能区划，建立了感潮地区河网水量水质模型，对常熟河道水质降解系数及水环境容量进行了计算，并按照点源和面源对区域内污染源进行统计，在此基础上进行了常熟河网水污染物总量控制值和现状削减量的计算，为该地区的水污染防控提供了科学依据。     

酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响

综述了酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响。在酸雨作用下 ,不同环境介质中重金属活性明显增强 ,化学形态转化明显 ,迁移能力和生态危害能力亦明显加强。探讨了控制酸雨发生、重金属污染环境修复技术以及开展复合污染环境化学风险评价的必要性