4种重金属污染对稻田土反硝化细菌的影响

在实验室条件下,研究Cd²⁺、As⁵⁺、Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺处理黄松稻田土、紫色稻田土和红壤稻田土后,4周内重金属污染对反硝化细菌种群数量及其反硝化活性的影响.结果表明,在1kg干土中加入0.5mg Cd²⁺、30mg As⁵⁺、50mg Cu²⁺和200mg Pb²⁺时,对稻田土反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性有促进作用,加入Cd²⁺、As⁵⁺、Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺分别超过1.0,60,500,400mg/kg干土时,对稻田土反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性有明显抑制作用.但反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性能逐渐恢复并接近对照水平,重金属污染越重,恢复所需的时间也越长.同一种重金属元素对不同水稻田土的反硝化细菌种群数量及其活性的影响也有差异.     

赣南某钨矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

为研究钨矿区土壤重金属的污染现状,采集尾矿堆积区土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定土壤重金属(Cr、As、Mn和Pb)含量,采用Kriging插值法分析土壤重金属的空间分布特征,并分析测定土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性.结果表明土壤重金属的浓度均值高于背景值,Cr、As、Mn、Pb的均值分别是土壤背景值的2.26,3.06,1.85和2.59倍.空间分析表明Mn和Pb间两种元素具有较为相似的分布,Cr、As、Mn和Pb 4种重金属的空间分布相关性强,且呈条带状分布.土壤酶活性结果进一步验证重金属的污染状况,土壤酶活性低于对照样,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶分别是对照的7%~93%和5%~86%、11%~90%.逐步多元回归法分析表明,在Cr、As、Mn、Pb复合污染条件下,矿区土壤不同酶活性表现出抑制或者激活作用,但各重金属元素对不同的酶活性的影响系数是不一样的,蔗糖酶对复合重金属污染最为敏感. 主成分分析表明土壤酶活性的指标能较好地反映钨矿矿区土壤重金属复合污染状况.     

重金属污染的稻田土中总有机碳和颗粒态碳的变化

从广东大宝山矿区横石河下游受重金属污染的水稻田采集6个土壤剖面样品,研究了土壤中总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)和POC/TOC比率的垂直分布特征,并探讨不同污染程度对土壤有机碳含量及稳定性的影响.结果表明,与轻度污染和中度污染采样点相比,在重度污染的各土层中,TOC含量显著下降,其垂直分布有显著改变.POC含量在不同土层间的变化与TOC表现出相似的规律,但差异更显著.重金属污染会影响土壤有机碳不同组分在土壤剖面上的垂直分布特征及分配比例,从而影响土壤有机碳的稳定性和可利用性.中度重金属污染使POC含量显著增高,土壤有机碳变得易于分解和损失;重度污染使TOC含量显著降低,不利于土壤有机碳的固定和积累.不同重金属对土壤有机碳稳定性的影响不同,Pb表现出与Cu、Cd的拮抗作用,Pb使有机碳稳定性增加;而Cu和Cd则相反.但多种重金属联合效应使土壤有机碳稳定性呈降低趋势.     

ASE-气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中多种石油烃

采用气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中C_(10)～C_(40)的石油烃,通过优化加速溶剂萃取的条件,使方法在62 mg/L～3 100 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为4.8 mg/kg。用该方法测定石油区短期、中期、长期油井污染土壤样品,5次测定结果的RSD为1.3%～5.2%,加标回收率为84.8%～98.5%,有证标准样品测定结果在可信区间内。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究及其前景

根据污染土壤的生物修复技术具有高效、无二次污染和操作管理简便的优点,本文介绍谊类技术在石油污染治理领域的应用。在概述石油的组成成分及其对环境造成的污染的基础上,重点论述了微生物和植物修复技术有效去除有机污染物的应用条件,并就目前两种技术的最新研究成果即基因技术的应用作了介绍,同时指出了石油污染土壤生物修复技术的发展趋势和应用前景。     

基于寡培养可视化的铀污染检测的微生物组合

为了评估监测铀污染对环境影响程度,为环境治理提供参考依据,本研究通过筛选获得对铀胁迫敏感和抗性的2类微生物,用以响应土壤或水体的铀污染,并考察其对铀污染响应灵敏度。实验筛选得到的红色敏感菌与粉色抗性菌经鉴定分别为粘质沙雷氏菌（Serratia marcescens）和玫瑰色考克氏菌（Kocuria rosea）,明显的菌落特征实现了微生物检测的可视化与简单化。通过寡培养基的应用,成功地以粘质沙雷氏菌：玫瑰色考克氏菌为1：2的比例构建了微生物检测体系。经验证,该体系在水体中能够检测出铀的最低浓度约为5 mg·L-1,在土壤中能检出的铀浓度高于10 mg·kg-1才有明显效果,表明本微生物组合对于监测水体和土壤铀污染是有效的。该体系为水体和土壤铀污染的微生物监测提供了前期技术基础。同时,寡培养方式的使用为外界因素对微生物的影响的"效果保真培养"提供了一定的参考。     

TEODORO ARDEMANS PIONEER WATER-SUPPLY ENGINEER OF SPAIN1

ABSTRACT: Teodoro Ardemans, first post-Renaissance water expert of Spain, recognized problems of ground-water contamination, influence of minerals on water quality, and mutual interference between closely spaced wells. He is also noted for his achievements in architecture and the writing of the first comprehensive building code for Madrid.     

Spatial and temporal variability of water repellency in a sandy soil contaminated with tar oil and heavy metals

Water repellency can induce preferential flow and thus affect water flow and contaminant transport at hazardous waste sites. Since the spatial patterns of water repellency are mostly unknown, it is problematic to use numerical transport models to predict leachate composition. In this study, the spatial variability of soil water repellency was studied at an industrial site contaminated with tar oil, chromium, copper and arsenic. The persistence of water repellency was assessed by the water drop penetration time (WDPT), and the degree of water repellency was quantified by the ethanol percentage (EP) test. Measurements were made at the soil surface along 3.5-12.1 m long transects at different times between March and October 2002. The spatial variability of WDPT, EP, water content, and organic matter content was quantified by variogram analyses. Both the persistence and the degree of water repellency varied seasonally, with the highest water repellency during the summer months. The correlation lengths of WDPT values ranged between 16 and 406 cm, whereas EP values showed no spatial correlation. For field-moist samples, a critical soil water threshold, below which water repellency prevails, was estimated to be 2.5-4%. For oven dry samples, the WDPT values were dependent on the water content prior to drying. The wide range of correlation lengths and the temporal dynamics of spatial repellency patterns suggest that simulations of solute leaching must consider the spatial and temporal variability of soil hydrophobic properties.     

Exploring the role of local community perceptions in sustainability measurements

Measuring sustainability is an integral part of decision-making processes in order to promote sustainable development. The present paper focuses on sustainability indicators as these are measured on local level and explores two main issues: firstly, the subjective measurement of indicators focusing especially on social dimensions of sustainability, secondly, the incorporation of local perceptions in sustainability assessments. These two issues are explored in the Asopos River basin in Greece, an area where significant environmental degradation has been observed in the past decades and is also under financial pressure due to the ongoing national recession. A large-scale research study was conducted measuring environmental, economic and social indicators while, at a second stage, a model was developed, estimating new indicators that incorporate local communities’ perceptions on what they considered as important for their area. The results of the study reveal that the most important indicators for the sustainable development of the area, according to locals’ perceptions, are environmental quality as well as quality of life. By contrast, trust in local and central institutions and also local enterprises were not considered as important by locals. These results illustrate the importance of combining global and national scale assessment with locally focused social measurements of sustainability in order to better understand what is important for local communities prior to embarking on public policy planning.     

广西一个典型矿业镇环境中重金属污染分析

广西河池市是我国重要的有色金属基地.以该市一个典型的矿业镇作为研究对象,采集了该镇周围23个旱地土壤样品,并在镇里布设两个大气采样点采集了可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,运用ICP-MS分析了样品中20种金属元素的含量,采用地积指数法判定旱地土壤和可吸入颗粒物中污染元素及来源.结果表明,这些与人们生活密切的环境介质(旱地土,可吸入颗粒物)均受到了多种重金属元素的复合污染,其共同的污染元素有Cd、As、Sb、Pb、Xn、Cu,而其中致癌元素Cd和As污染最为突出.大气可吸入颗粒物与旱地土壤中各污染元素的污染强度排序相同,均为Cd＞As＞Sb＞Pb＞Zn＞Cu.经过现场调查和识别,污染源主要来自当地开放性运矿产生的扬尘所致.因此加强该地区矿石运输管理是保护该地区耕地和人群健康的需要.