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71.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of surface sediments and oysters from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gaspare L Machiwa JF Mdachi SJ Streck G Brack W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):24-34
Surface sediment and oyster samples from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam were analyzed for 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including the 16 compounds prioritized by US-EPA using GC/MS. The total concentration of PAHs in the sediment ranged from 78 to 25,000 ng/g dry weight, while oyster concentrations ranged from 170 to 650 ng/g dry weight. Hazards due to sediment contamination were assessed using Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Benchmarks and Threshold Effect Levels. Diagnostic indices and principle component analysis were used to identify possible sources. Interestingly, no correlation between sediment and oyster concentrations at the same sites was found. This is supported by completely different contamination patterns, suggesting different sources for both matrices. Hazard assessment revealed possible effects at six out of eight sites on the benthic communities and oyster populations. The contribution of PAH intake via oyster consumption to carcinogenic risks in humans seems to be low. 相似文献
72.
73.
Summary.
Darna bradleyi Holloway, D. trima Moore, Setothosea asigna van Eecke and Setora nitens Walker are sympatric and coseasonal limacodid moths in plantations of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Palmae), in Borneo, southeast Asia. We tested the hypothesis that these four species maintain reproductive
isolation through specificity in diel periods of communication, microlocation for communication and/or communication signal
(pheromone). Studying diel periodicity of calling behavior by female moths and response by male moths to traps baited with
virgin females or synthetic pheromone, we determined that sexual communication of D. bradleyi and D. trima took place from ˜17:30 to 18:45 hr and that of S. asigna and S. nitens from ˜18:45 to 20:00 hr and from ˜18:30 to 19:30 hr, respectively. Over 80% of male S. asigna and S. nitens were captured in pheromone-baited traps suspended >5 m high, whereas male D. bradleyi and D. trima were captured mostly in traps <5 m high. Synthetic pheromone baits attracted male moths in a species-specific manner. Moreover,
baits containing both S. asigna and S. nitens pheromones failed to attract any male moths, indicating that female S. asigna and S. nitens, with overlapping communication periods, use bifunctional pheromone components that attract conspecific males while repelling
heterospecifics. Similarly, addition of D. bradleyi pheromone to S. asigna or S. nitens pheromone reduced attraction of male S. asigna and S. nitens. The failure of D. bradleyi and D. trima, which overlap in time and microlocation for communication, to evolve bifunctional pheromones may be attributed to the recent
occurrence of sympatry between D. bradleyi and D. trima in Borneo, apparently too recent for bifunctional pheromones to have evolved. We conclude that D. bradleyi, D. trima, S. asigna and S. nitens utilize any or all of diel periodicity, intra and interspecific effects of communication signal and/or microlocation for
signaling, allowing these limacodids to co-inhabit the same habitat and remain reproductively isolated.
Received 5 May 2000; accepted 18 August 2000 相似文献
74.
Ronald A. Burt Gregory L. Christians Samuel P. Williams David J. Wilson 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,72(3):297-326
Two dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) tracer tests werecarried out in a shallow aquifer north of Fort Worth, TX. i-Propanolwas used as the nonpartitioning tracer; n-hexanol and n-octanol werethe partitioning tracers. Field data, mathematical modeling, theresults of column tests, and field tracer tests with NaCl were usedin designing the DNAPL tracer tests. The results indicated the presenceof DNAPL at both sites tested; semi-quantitative estimates of theamounts of DNAPL present were obtained by mathematical modeling.Interpretation was complicated by heterogeneity of the aquifer andmass transport effects. 相似文献
75.
Panichayapichet P Nitisoravut S Simachaya W 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,135(1-3):181-193
The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of heavy metal in soil and evaluate the dissolution of metal
from soil to ponded-surface water, leaching through soil profiles and metal uptake in grass as related to different land-use
practices. The data provided a scientific basis for best-management practices for land use in Khli Ti watershed. The watershed
has a Pb-contamination problem from the previous operation of a Pb-ore concentrator and abandoned Zn–Pb mine. Sampling sites
were selected from a land-use map, with land-use types falling into the following four categories: forest, agricultural land,
residential area and road. Soil, ponded-surface water, grass samples and soil profiles were collected. The study related soil
characteristics from different land-use practices and locations with observed metal concentrations in ponded-surface water
and soil. High enrichment factors of Pb and As in soil were found. Partitioning coefficient, Kd values were in the order: Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd > Zn. Soil disturbance from land-use activities including tillage and traffic
increased leaching of trace metal from soils. Pb in soil was significantly taken up by grass even though the Transfer Factor,
TF values were rather low. Agricultural activities in the watershed must be limited. Moreover, land encroachments in the upper
and middle part of the watershed which have high potential of Pb must be strictly controlled in order to reduce the Pb contamination
from non-point sources. 相似文献
76.
Vincent H. Y. Tam Brian Corr 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2000,13(6):588-447
The design of topsides against explosions requires the definition of a design over-pressure, however, these values are often treated as deterministic and there is a wide variation within the industry in the treatment and interpretation of the loads.
This paper advocates the adoption of a number of limit state for explosion loading. Events of different magnitudes are differentiated on the basis of frequency and linked to appropriate degree of reliability thus avoiding disproportionate effects from minor events.
The two principal limit states considered are a limit state for all the safety critical systems for relatively high frequency events and a survival condition for low probability events. Parallels are drawn from other branches of engineering where extreme loads have to be designed for. 相似文献
77.
长江口沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险特征 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
基于长江口沉积物8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)总量与形态在丰、平、枯水期以及14个典型点位的分布特征,通过平衡分配法建立了长江口沉积物质量基准(SQGs),并以此评价长江口沉积物重金属生态风险,揭示重金属生态风险与其形态特征间的相关关系.结果表明,除Cd之外,长江口沉积物重金属以残渣态为主导形态,尤其是As、Cr、Hg,其残渣态含量均为90%以上.长江口As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的沉积物质量基准分别为43.29、0.672、79.65、19.08、0.569、339.09、30.87、411.36μg·g~(-1).Cu的生态风险程度最高,对水生生物具有较大的毒性影响,应当引起重视.河口上游受到长江径流影响大,在丰水期风险较高,在平水期和枯水期则风险偏低;而下游受上海等城市排污影响较大,风险较高(尤其在平水期和枯水期).8种重金属的生态风险与赋存形态之间表现出3种不同的相关关系. 相似文献
78.
79.
工业事故演变混沌特性研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
混沌与随机是本质上不同的两种特性.区分产生工业事故演变系统的混沌性和随机性是进行工业事故模拟和预测的基础.本文通过对工业事故演变特性进行分析,初步结果表明,工业事故演变具有混沌动力系统的一些特征,提出通过相空间重构及Lyapunov指数来判定工业事故演变的混沌特性. 相似文献
80.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in atmosphere and soil samples taken in winter and summer at a PBDE
production area of Laizhou Bay in China. The concentrations of P11PBDE were 0.017–1.17 ng/m3 in gaseous phase, 0.5–161.1 ng/m3
in particulate phase, and 73–2629 ng/g dry weight in soil samples. The PBDE congener pattern in the gaseous phase di ered from that
in the particulate phase, and the PBDE congener pattern in the particulate phase was similar with that in soil. This demonstrated that
there was little di erence with atmospheric particle-soil transfer e ciency among PBDE congeners. In addition, there were seasonal
variations in percentages on particle for lower brominated congeners. The BDE-28 was mostly in the gaseous phase in summer (88.3%),
whereas the average proportion of BDE-28 in gaseous phase in winter was 38.9%. Higher brominated congeners (i.e., BDE-206, BDE-
207, BDE-208, and BDE-209) were bound to the atmospheric particulate phase, and their potentials for long-range migration were
mainly a ected by the environmental behavior of atmospheric particles. Results indicated that PBDE congeners in summer were closer
to gas-particle partition equilibrium than in winter. Temperature should be considered the main factor causing nonequilibrium in winter. 相似文献