Detectability of phenoxy herbicides by chlorophyll fluorescence

Abstract

Trace amounts of 2,4‐D ‐ which does not cause visible damage in plant ‐ are detectable in plant leaves by chlorophyll fluorescence regeneration in two ways. (I) In illuminated leaves the level of first and second fluorescence peak differ in treated and untreated leaves. (2) By taking buffer solution (pH=8.6) in dark‐adapted leaves under vacuum, the first, second and the other fluorescence decrease levels differ in untreated and 2,4‐D or MCPA treated leaves.     

ISOPROTURON DEGRADATION AS AFFECTED BY THE GROWTH OF TWO ALGAL SPECIES AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND pH VALUES

Metabolism of [¹⁴C-u-phenyl]isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] by two soil and freshwater microorganisms, green alga Chlorella kesslerei and cyanobacterium Anabaena inaequalis, was studied as a function of pH, pesticide concentration, and incubation time. Metabolized isoproturon, in the media, ranged from 0% (Chlorella at pH 5.5 after 1 d) to 22% (Anabaena at pH 5.5 after 10 d). Twenty-five percent faster degradation of isoproturon by Anabaena occurred at pH 5.5 versus pH 7.5, when measured over 10 d. Increased ¹⁴C incorporation into tissue, with time and at lower pH, was due mainly to bioaccumulation of [¹⁴C]isoproturon and/or its metabolites in the cells. Metabolic degradation resulted in four identifiable (by TLC) metabolites. Based on this, a degradation pathway is proposed, involving mono- and di-N-demethylation, hydroxylation of the isopropyl moiety, and hydrolysis to 4-isopropylaniline. Similarity in the metabolites produced suggests that the enzyme systems responsible for metabolizing isoproturon are almost identical in both photosynthetic micro-algae.     

Impact of Sublethal Doses of 2,4-D,Simulating Drift,on Tomato Yield

Abstract

Tomato is considered one of the most sensitive crops regarding 2,4-D drift. In many cases, such susceptibility has led to important restrictions in the use of 2,4-D based products. Field experiments were carried out for two consecutive years in tomato, by applying sublethal doses of 2,4-D (ranging from 0.42 to 13.44 g a.i. ha^?1) directly to plants, at different stages of growth, as a simulation of eventual drifts to the crop. The range of rates was based on the assumption of a 0.0625–2.0% drift level of a 1 L ha^?1 of the most common formulated herbicides. For this crop, the range of rates between 0.42 and 13.44 g a.i ha^?1 applied at the beginning of flowering caused a linear crop reduction. On the other hand, rates ≤13.44 g a.i. ha^?1 applied after full development of fourth truss stage or latter had no effect on crop yield or development. For tomato, tolerance to 2,4-D strongly increases with plant age.     

Procedure for the determination of 2,4‐D and dicamba in inhalation,dermal, hand‐wash,and urine samples from spray applicators

Abstract

Analytical procedures for the simultaneous determination of residues of 2,4‐D and dicamba from polyurethane foam plug air samplers, ethylene glycol impregnated glass‐fiber filter paper dermal samplers, 1% sodium bicarbonate hand wash solution, and urine are presented. Residues were derivatized with diazomethane and quantitated using electron capture gas chromatography. Recoveries were greater than 80% at the limit of detection in all substrates. The limits of detection for both herbicides were 0.1 μg/foam plug and 0.5 μg/filter paper, and in the urine, 1.7 μg/100 mL and 5.0 μg/100 mL for dicamba and 2,4‐D, respectively.     

Teratogenicity of bifenox and nitrofen in rodents

Abstract

The teratogenicity of the diphenyl ether herbicide bifenox [2,4‐dichlorophenyl 3'‐carboxymethyl‐4'‐nitrophenyl ether] was compared to that of nitrofen [2,4‐dichlorophenyl 4'‐nitrophenyl ether] in rats and in mice. Neither compound increased prenatal mortality in mice. Because nitrofen causes both malformations that are compatible with survival to weaning and a high incidence of perinatal (but not of fetal) mortality, emphasis was placed on postnatal parameters of bifenox toxicity. In rats, bifenox caused a low incidence of “bloody tears”;, but it did not decrease survival to term or to weaning in rats or mice, and did not reduce Harderian gland weight in mice. Because the weight of the Harderian glands is a more objective measure of their status than is the presence of an eye discharge, it is concluded that bifenox is not teratogenic at the levels administered. Nitrofen decreased litter size, pup weight, and Harderian gland weight in mice.     

紫茎泽兰的化学防除及生态修复效果

紫茎泽兰是我国重要的外来入侵生物,一旦入侵,就排挤当地物种,很快成为优势种群,在西南地区已对当地的农业、畜牧业,以及生态环境造成严重的破坏.2年的试验和示范结果表明,磺酰脲类除草剂嘧磺隆187.5～375g/hm2(有效成分,下同)、噻吩磺隆375g/hm2、氯嘧磺隆375g/hm2和吡啶类除草剂氨氯吡啶酸1 080g/hm2对紫茎泽兰均有优异的防除效果.而2,4-滴1 500g/hm2、乙羧氟草醚150g/hm2、氟磺胺草醚500g/hm2、咪唑乙烟酸1 500g/hm2、嗪草酸甲酯50g/hm2、环嗪酮2 500g/hm2、氯草定750～1 500g/hm2不能完全杀死紫茎泽兰.针对山区水源短缺,运水不便的的问题,通过在除草剂中加入2 L/hm2机油乳油,采用很低容量喷雾法,用水量可由常量喷雾的900～1 200L/hm2减少到30～40L/hm2,施药效率较常量喷雾提高8～10倍.此外,还可将除草剂制成颗粒剂或采用毒土法撒施,不需施药器械,且可以节省大量水运输费用.紫茎泽兰用上述除草剂防除后,能选择性地促进非靶标植物的生长.大面积防除2年后,生态恢复率为40%～90%.     

2种低温等离子体降解土壤中乙草胺和阿特拉津

研究了沿面放电和平板介质阻挡放电处理土壤中阿特拉津和乙草胺的效果。主要以沙子作为研究体系,考察了水分、氧气流速、活性炭和过硫酸钠对降解的影响。结果表明:沿面放电装置和平板介质阻挡放电都能高效降解沙子中的乙草胺、阿特拉津;水分和氧气流速对降解的影响较大,在一定限度内,它们的增加能迅速提高降解效果,但过多的水分反而会抑制污染物的降解。活性炭显著抑制沿面放电降解乙草胺和阿特拉津效果,过硫酸钠与沿面放电、平板介质阻挡放电联用方法没有表现出协同效应。     

Responses of different fungal and plant species to acetolactate synthase inhibitors and their derivatives

Abstract

The effect of sulfonylurea (SU) acetolactate synthases (ALS) inhibitors (chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron) and their 13 guanidine and 7 azole derivatives was studied on 17 fungal and 21 plant species. The efficacy of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron against Fusarium oxysporum and Thielaviopsis basicola was higher than carbendazim. Two azole derivatives were highly selective for maize. The antifungal activity spectrum of both guanidine and azole derivatives differed from that of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, and did not exert notable antifungal activity in vitro. However, they had significant anti‐Fusarium efficacy on rye that surpassed that of carbendazim.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中磺酰脲类除草剂

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定水中7种磺酰脲类除草剂的方法,考察了降解作用及滤膜对测定的影响.方法在0.30 mg/L～5.00 mg/L之间线性关系良好,7种磺酰脲类除草剂的检出限为0.32 μg/L～0.62 μg/L,RSD为4.4%～7.6%,平均加标回收率为87.9%～102%.     

微板吸光法测定9种农药对斜生栅藻的抑制毒性

以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为指示生物,96微孔板为暴露反应载体,SpectraMax M5酶标仪为吸光度测试设备,建立了测定毒物对藻生长抑制毒性的微板吸光法.论文系统研究了微板吸光法中斜生栅藻的可见吸收光谱和生长曲线以及pH和暴露时间对藻生长的影响,同时应用该方法成功测定了环嗪酮、阿特拉津、西草净、扑灭通、苯嗪草酮、敌草快、草甘膦7种除草剂和磷胺、甲胺磷2种杀虫剂对斜生栅藻的剂量-效应曲线(DRC).通过对剂量-效应数据进行非线性最小二乘模拟,获得了这些农药的半数效应浓度EC50及置信区间.对比标准锥形瓶栅藻毒性试验,微板吸光法具有测试简便快速,所需样品体积少,便于多次平行毒性测试等优点.