Decomposition dynamic of higher plant pigments by HPLC analysis

IntroductionHigh performanceliquidchromatographic (HPLC )systemsweredevelopedforhigherplantpigmentsinthelate1970’sandearly 1980’s .Subsequently ,morecomplexHPLCsystemsweredevelopedforchlorophyllsandcarotenoidsfrommicroalgaeandnaturalphytoplanktonpopulations(Gieskes,1991;Hodgson ,1997;Bris,1998) .Bothreversedphaseandnormalphasesystemswereused .TheHPLCtechniquewasusedmorerecentlyforplantpigmentanalysis,andithasledtoasignificantincreaseinseparationandinthenumberofpigmentsthatcanbeidentifi…     

Managing Invasive Aquatic Plants in a Changing System: Strategic Consideration of Ecosystem Services

Abstract:  Climate change is projected to increase stress for many coastal plant communities. Along large portions of the North American coast, habitat degradation from anthropogenic changes to the environment already threaten the community structure of tidal marshes and submerged aquatic grass beds. The potential loss of ecological services historically provided by these communities has been a long-standing rationale for aggressive control of invading plants such as Phragmites australis and Hydrilla verticillata . Increasing evidence of ecological services provided by invasive species such as P. australis and H. verticillata suggest that, in the face of increasing stress, it may be prudent to take a more pragmatic approach regarding the effect of these species on coastal ecosystems. The notable resilience of these species to control efforts and their competitive success and comparative vigor in stressed systems and capacity to provide at least some beneficial services combine to suggest some invasive species may have a useful role in managed coastal ecosystems.     

Construction Simplicity and Cost as Selection Criteria Between Two Types of Constructed Wetlands Treating Highway Runoff

Two free water surface (FWS) and two subsurface flow (SSF) pilot-size wetlands were constructed for the evaluation of their performance in treating highway runoff (HRO) in the heart of the Mediterranean region, the island of Crete, at the southernmost point of Greece. Detailed recordings of the resources involved during the construction allowed a thorough calculation of the cost of the systems and the requirements in materials, man-hours, and equipment. The two identical FWS systems had a surface area of 33 m² each, while the two identical SSF covered 32 m² each. One FWS and one SSF, named FWS12 and SSF12, respectively, were designed with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h, with each one capable of treating a maximum HRO of 12.6 m³/day. The other couple, named FWS24 and SSF24, respectively, was designed with an HRT of 24 h, with each receiving a maximum HRO of 6.3 m³/days. An influent storage tank was required to hold the runoff during the common storm events and control the flow rate (and the hydraulic retention time) into the wetlands. This construction represented 25% of the total construction cost, while 5% was spent on the influent automated (and sun-powered) control and distribution system, from the storage tank to the wetlands. The respective total cost allocated to the two SSF systems (€14,676) was approximately 10% higher than that of the FWS (€13,596), mainly due to the three different-sized gravel layers used in the SSF substrate compared to the topsoil used in the FWS, which tripled the cost and placement time. The Total Annual Economic Cost (TAEC) was €1799/year and €1847/year for the FWS and SSF pair, respectively. TAEC was also used to compare the economic efficiency of the systems per cubic meter of HRO treated and kilograms of COD and TSS removed from the wetlands during their first operational year. Based on these estimations, FWS12 recorded the lowest TAEC_COD and TAEC_TSS values (€89.09/kg and €43.69/kg, respectively) compared to the other three systems, presenting a more economically favorable option.     

芦苇抑藻化感物质的分离及其抑制蛋白核小球藻效果研究

采用乙醇提取、溶剂萃取法从芦苇中分离出2组能抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的化感物质. 该2组化感物质对蛋白核小球藻的半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为0.68mg/L和2.65mg/L. 将前者用碱性氧化铝层析柱分离得到一组抑藻活性更强的化感物质和一组能够促进蛋白核小球藻生长的化感物质: 前者对蛋白核小球藻的EC₅₀为0.50mg/L, 是目前报道的抑藻能力最强的化感物质; 后者在浓度为0.63mg/L时能显著促进蛋白核小球藻的生长. 芦苇化感物质可以用来控制淡水中有害藻类.     

北固山芦苇湿地土壤对铜铬（Ⅵ）的吸附研究

北固山芦苇(Phragmites communis)湿地是长江中下游典型湿地类型之一,沿江工业化和城市化的快速发展使其面临严重的重金属污染威胁。然而,目前有关湿地重金属污染的吸附尤其竞争吸附的研究还少见报道。该文以北固山芦苇湿地为对象,采用平衡法对Cu2 、Cr(VI)在湿地土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究,旨在服务于湿地重金属污染的修复与生物学效应评价。研究结果表明:(1)湿地土壤吸附Cu2 、Cr(VI)的过程符合Langmuir等温模型;二者的表观最大吸附量(xm)分别为36.10g·kg-1和178.57g·kg-1(初始液质量浓度c0<500g·m-3),平均吸附率分别达到99.82%±0.35%和93.17%±1.14%。(2)无论单一吸附或竞争吸附体系,当c0(Cu2 )>250g·m-3时,平衡液Cu2 质量浓度快速升高。(3)c0相等的Cu2 、Cr(VI)竞争吸附体系中,平衡液中Cu2 质量浓度升高,Cr(VI)质量浓度下降;但xm的变化表现为Cu2 增加了2.7倍,Cr(VI)降低了2.4倍。(4)Cu2 、Cr(VI)的竞争吸附体系中,随Cr(VI)初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cu2 )恒定),Cr(VI)的xm下降至其单一吸附时的6%;而随Cu2 初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cr(VI))恒定),Cu2 的xm仅为其单一吸附时的1/3。     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芦苇笋中的镉

采用密闭微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法对洞庭湖区芦苇笋中的镉进行了测定.结果表明,密闭微波消解是一种非常有效的植物样品前处理方法,对国家标准物质灌木枝叶的测定结果与推荐值吻合,表明该方法准确可靠.     

Founder Effects,Inbreeding, and Loss of Genetic Diversity in Four Avian Reintroduction Programs

Abstract: The number of individuals translocated and released as part of a reintroduction is often small, as is the final established population, because the reintroduction site is typically small. Small founder and small resulting populations can result in population bottlenecks, which are associated with increased rates of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity, both of which can affect the long‐term viability of reintroduced populations. I used information derived from pedigrees of four monogamous bird species reintroduced onto two different islands (220 and 259 ha) in New Zealand to compare the pattern of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity among the reintroduced populations. Although reintroduced populations founded with few individuals had higher levels of inbreeding, as predicted, other factors, including biased sex ratio and skewed breeding success, contributed to high levels of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity. Of the 10–58 individuals released, 4–25 genetic founders contributed at least one living descendent and yielded approximately 3–11 founder–genome equivalents (number of genetic founders assuming an equal contribution of offspring and no random loss of alleles across generations) after seven breeding seasons. This range is much lower than the 20 founder–genome equivalents recommended for captive‐bred populations. Although the level of inbreeding in one reintroduced population initially reached three times that of a closely related species, the long‐term estimated rate of inbreeding of this one population was approximately one‐third that of the other species due to differences in carrying capacities of the respective reintroduction sites. The increasing number of reintroductions to suitable areas that are smaller than those I examined here suggests that it might be useful to develop long‐term strategies and guidelines for reintroduction programs, which would minimize inbreeding and maintain genetic diversity.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤有机碳储量沿盐分梯度的变化特征

以黄河三角洲芦苇湿地为研究对象,于2019年6月自海向陆沿盐分梯度采集土壤和植物样品,研究了不同盐度条件下芦苇湿地土壤有机碳含量和储量的空间分布特征及其与土壤属性和植物地下生物量的关系.结果 表明,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地100 cm深土壤有机碳储量为4.46～7.65 kg·m-2,平均值为6.24 kg· m-2.表层浓...     

黄河三角洲不同生境下芦苇磷的累积和分配过程

为阐明不同生境对黄河三角洲滨海湿地芦苇磷(P)的累积和分配过程的影响,于2016年5-11月,选取新生芦苇湿地和退耕芦苇湿地为研究对象,测定了芦苇植物体各器官与枯落物的生物量和P含量.结果 表明:①新生湿地和退耕湿地内芦苇各器官生物量均呈现先增加后减少的变化特征,枯落物生物量符合指数型增加模型,退耕湿地内的芦苇生物量高...     

黄河口典型芦苇湿地土壤磷的吸附动力学特征

以黄河口不同淹水条件的芦苇湿地为研究对象（潮汐淹水湿地、淡水恢复湿地和季节性淹水湿地）,通过吸附模拟实验探讨了不同类型湿地表层土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征及其影响因素,评估了不同淹水条件下湿地土壤对磷的吸附能力。研究结果表明：具有不同水盐条件的芦苇湿地土壤对上覆水体中磷的吸附表现为淡水恢复湿地>潮汐淹水湿地>季节性淹水湿地,淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附量最大;三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附过程均表现为初期（0~3 h）最快、中期（3~24 h）逐渐减慢、后期（24 h以后）慢而平衡的状态,但淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最快,季节性淹水湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最慢且存在着时间上的延迟性;三类湿地土壤的水盐条件和理化性质差异（如pH、盐度、土壤质地、Al₀、Fe₀和Ca₀）是导致三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附量和吸附速率存在差异的主要因素;Simple Elovich模型和Power Function模型更适合模拟黄河口芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征。在黄河口退化芦苇湿地实施淡水恢复工程,能够在一定程度上促进湿地土壤对磷的吸附,进而降低湿地水体发生富营养化的风险。