共代谢作用下芦苇根际细菌多样性与群落组成

以对羟基苯甲酸(PHA)、对香豆酸(PCA)、咖啡酸(CA)和阿魏酸(FA)为代表性酚类根系分泌物(PREs),以对叔丁基苯酚(PTBP)作为典型烷基酚、以常见湿地植物芦苇为受试植物,结合高通量测序和生物信息学分析,研究PREs-PTBP交互作用下芦苇根际细菌多样性与群落组成的变化规律.结果表明,所有PREs均能有效提...     

Phragmites australis as a heavy metal bioindicator in the Anzali wetland of Iran

In this study, levels of Fe, Cu, Cd, and Ni in the sediments and organs of Phragmites australis from three different sites in the Anzali wetland were measured. Heavy metal accumulation was higher in the roots of P. australis than in the shoots and leaves. There was a significant correlation between metal concentrations in roots and sediment. This result showed that the root of P. australis can be used as bioindicator for Fe, Cu, Cd, and Ni. Metal levels in sediment were recorded higher than the interim sediment quality guideline values, and the Cd and Ni content in P. australis were higher than the unpolluted levels in plants. This indicates the necessity for continuous monitoring of the metal levels and also evaluating the hazard risk of heavy metals in aquatic organisms in the Anzali wetland.     

茭草、芦苇与水葫芦的污染物释放规律

选取昆明某人工湿地中的茭草、芦苇和水葫芦进行浸泡试验,考察因植物组织的溶解而导致的污染物释放规律.最快的释放发生在最初的24h内.COD的释放率小于TN和TP的释放率.芦苇的COD和TN释放速率最小,茭草的TP释放速率最小,茭草的COD释放速率最大,水葫芦的TN和TP释放速率最大.在停留时间为5d,水力负荷为8.7cm/d,TN、TP和COD负荷为1.52,0.11,13.7g/(m²d)条件下,植物组织释放N、P、COD的量分别占去除负荷的29%,20%和38%.这表明对于进水负荷较低的人工湿地,收割植物可以改善湿地低效率时期的处理效率.     

磷亏缺芦苇对氮梯度变化的生理响应

研完了磷亏缺芦苇在不同氮浓度梯度下（0mg／L、2mg／L、5mg／L、15mg／L）干重、鲜重、叶面积等形态学指标和叶片叶绿素、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）等生理学指标的变化,研究结果表明：芦苇形态学指标和叶片叶绿素含量均随氮浓度的增加呈现先增加（低浓度范围：0-5mg／L）后减小（高浓度范围：5—15mg／L）的趋势。MDA及活性氧清除系统指标则呈现先降低（低浓度范围：0-5mg／L）后升高（高浓度范围：5—15mg／L）的趋势。表明在低浓度范围内,氮浓度增加可以缓解芦苇磷亏缺胁迫症状,而当氯浓度超过了芦苇的耐受阂值之后（5mg／L）,芦苇在磷亏缺和氮过量的双重胁迫下,体内活性氧清除系统被破坏。与正常磷供给相比（10mg／L）,磷亏缺芦苇对氯的耐受阈值下降了96．8％—90．6％。研究结果可为富营养化水体水生态环境的改善提供科学依据。     

滇池优势挺水植物茭草和芦苇降解过程中DOM释放特征研究

利用室内分解模拟实验,研究了滇池外海优势挺水植物茭草和芦苇(成熟期)的叶在水环境中降解过程,分析了其释放于水体中水溶性有机质(DOM)浓度和化学结构变化特征.结果表明,植物分解可造成上覆水pH值升高,茭草和芦苇分解过程中上覆水中DOM浓度的变化趋势基本一致.两种植物上覆水中水溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性有机氮(DON)的浓度均在8h达到最大值,水溶性有机磷(DOP)的浓度在24 h达到最大值.同时,茭草和芦苇残体内DOM释放强度和速率的变化趋势也基本一致.两种植物DOC、DON和DOP的释放强度和速率都在8 h达到最大,且8 h的释放强度、释放速率、释放比例依次为DOC>DON>DOP.另外,茭草和芦苇分解过程中DOM结构变化分析表明上覆水紫外吸收光谱中SUVA254值先升高再降低,傅里叶红外光谱中—OH特征峰消失,三维荧光光谱中类腐殖酸单位有机碳荧光强度增强.     

三峡库区消落带土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇的氮素与生物量动态变化

通过设置T1(淹水超过土壤表面2cm)、T2(土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～100%)和T3(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%～60%)3个不同处理组,模拟了三峡库区消落带土壤含水量变化特征,并以嘉陵江江边芦苇(Phragmitescommunis(reed))为实验材料,研究了三峡库区不同消落带带位土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇地上部分氮含量和生物量的动态变化,同时,探讨了芦苇地上部氮的积累和合适的收割时期.结果表明,三峡库区消落带土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇地上部氮含量随季节变化而变化,在一个生育周期内,芦苇的叶片、叶鞘和茎的氮含量呈典型的单峰曲线.其中,T1、T2和T3的叶片和叶鞘中氮含量的峰值出现在9月底(抽穗期),叶片氮含量的峰值分别为23.1、26.5和26.2mg·g-1,叶鞘氮含量的峰值分别为14.4、12.4和13.2mg·g-1;;而茎氮含量的峰值出现在10月底(穗期),其峰值为9.5、9.1和9.0mg·g-1.与其他地区芦苇的氮吸收相比,在三峡库区消落带3种水分条件下的芦苇对氮都具有很强的吸收能力.不同处理芦苇的生长曲线呈典型的单峰曲线,其中,T1和T2处理地上生物量的最大值均出现在9月底(抽穗...     

乌梁素海芦苇枯落物分解动态及营养元素释放研究

乌梁素海是内蒙古高原干旱区最典型的浅水草型湖泊,湖滨带芦苇分布广袤,其收割方式是在冬季湖泊结冰后将冰面上芦苇收割,冰面下芦苇则留存在水中,而水下部分的分解是造成湖泊生物淤积的重要原因,且分解过程中营养元素的释放亦加剧了湖泊富营养化。通过分解袋法研究了湖泊水面下芦苇枯落物的分解动态及营养元素的释放过程,并探讨了芦苇枯落物分解的影响因素。结果表明:1)芦苇枯落物分解270 d后质量残留率为52.44%,分解速率常数为0.002 68 d~(-1),其分解50%需要0.83 a,分解95%需要3.19 a;2)芦苇枯落物分解过程中,N元素的分解状态呈现释放-分解-再释放的规律,P元素和C元素均处于持续释放的分解状态;3)芦苇枯落物分解期间,分解速率和营养元素含量动态受枯落物自身质量和环境因子共同影响,且环境因子(温度、溶解氧、pH值)与芦苇枯落物分解速率及元素释放动态相关性显著。研究表明,芦苇枯落物分解释放大量营养物质,对湖泊富营养化有一定的贡献,要进一步加强芦苇植物的收割以减轻植物腐烂分解对湖泊造成的二次污染,减少生物淤积作用。     

生物质粒径对负载MgO生物炭吸附水体中磷的影响

为研究生物质粒径对负载MgO芦苇生物炭(MBC)去除水体中磷的速率和能力的影响,以0～0.5、1～2和6～8 mm这3种不同粒径的芦苇颗粒为原料、MgCl₂为改性剂制备MBC,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对MBC表征,开展MBC吸附溶液中磷酸盐(PO₄^3--P)动力学和等温线实验以及实验数据模型拟合.结果表明,MBC对溶液中PO₄^3--P的吸附速率随生物质粒径增大而增大,0～0.5、1～2和6～8 mm芦苇颗粒制备的MBC对PO₄^3--P的吸附量在2 h内分别达到平衡吸附量的15.4%、25.8%和80.8%,而生物质粒径对MBC的PO₄^3--P最大吸附量(249.0～254.7mg·g^-1)无明显影响.6～8 mm芦苇颗粒制备的MBC保留了较完整的芦苇细胞壁结构,且含有丰富的微孔和中孔,形成多层次、规则的、连通...     

Mapping Locust Habitats in the Amudarya River Delta,Uzbekistan with Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery

Reed beds of Phragmites australis in the River Amudarya delta near the Aral Sea constitute permanent breeding areas of the Asian Migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratoria. Every year, thousands of hectares are treated with broad-spectrum insecticides to prevent locust swarms from damaging crops in adjacent areas. To devise efficient locust monitoring and management plans, accurate and updated information about the spatial distribution of reeds is necessary. Given the vast geographic extent of the delta, traditional, ground survey methods are inadequate. Remotely sensed data collected by the MODIS sensor aboard the TERRA satellite provide a useful tool to characterize the spatial distribution of reeds. Multi-temporal MODIS data, collected at different times of the growing season, were used to generate spectral-temporal signatures for reeds and other land cover classes. These spectral-temporal signatures were matched with reed phenology. MODIS information was digitally classified to generate a land cover map with an overall accuracy of 74%. MODIS data captured 87% of the ground-verified reed locations. Estimates derived from MODIS data indicate that 18% of the study area was covered by reeds. However, high commission error resulted from misclassification of reeds mixed with shrubs class and shrubs class as reeds. This could have resulted in overprediction of the area covered by reeds. Additional research is needed to minimize the overlap between reeds and other vegetation classes (shrubs, and reed and shrub mix). Nevertheless, despite its relatively low spatial resolution (250 m), multi-temporal MODIS data were able to adequately capture the distribution of reeds. Instead of blanketing the fragile wetland ecosystem of the Amudarya delta with chemical anti-locust treatments, plant protection specialists can use this information to devise ecologically sound pest management plans aimed at reducing the adverse environmental impact in the zone of the Aral Sea ecological catastrophe. MODIS methodology to identify reed stands can be applicable to the Migratory locust habitats in other geographic areas.     

Shoreline Development Drives Invasion of Phragmites australis and the Loss of Plant Diversity on New England Salt Marshes

Abstract:  The reed Phragmites australis Cav. is aggressively invading salt marshes along the Atlantic Coast of North America. We examined the interactive role of habitat alteration (i.e., shoreline development) in driving this invasion and its consequences for plant richness in New England salt marshes. We surveyed 22 salt marshes in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and quantified shoreline development, Phragmites cover, soil salinity, and nitrogen availability. Shoreline development, operationally defined as removal of the woody vegetation bordering marshes, explained >90% of intermarsh variation in Phragmites cover. Shoreline development was also significantly correlated with reduced soil salinities and increased nitrogen availability, suggesting that removing woody vegetation bordering marshes increases nitrogen availability and decreases soil salinities, thus facilitating Phragmites invasion. Soil salinity (64%) and nitrogen availability (56%) alone explained a large proportion of variation in Phragmites cover, but together they explained 80% of the variation in Phragmites invasion success. Both univariate and aggregate (multidimensional scaling) analyses of plant community composition revealed that Phragmites dominance in developed salt marshes resulted in an almost three-fold decrease in plant species richness. Our findings illustrate the importance of maintaining integrity of habitat borders in conserving natural communities and provide an example of the critical role that local conservation can play in preserving these systems. In addition, our findings provide ecologists and natural resource managers with a mechanistic understanding of how human habitat alteration in one vegetation community can interact with species introductions in adjacent communities (i.e., flow-on or adjacency effects) to hasten ecosystem degradation.