崇明东滩围垦湿地芦苇光合作用对模拟升温的响应初探

采用开顶式气室法(Open top Chamber, OTC)模拟升温,分别于升温1 a和升温2 a后,测定崇明东滩围垦湿地代表植物--芦苇快速生长期叶片的光响应进程,分析最大净光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率〖WTBX〗(Rd)、表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)等光合参数对升温时间的累积响应。结果表明：与对照样地相比,升温1 a后Pmax、〖WTBX〗LSP显著增加,Rd、LCP显著降低,表现出正效应,而升温2 a后结果相反;升温条件下〖WTBX〗AQY的年际差异不显著;非线性拟合芦苇叶片光合 光响应(Pn PAR)曲线,结果显示其在升温第一年和第二年分别发生上调和下移现象;蒸腾速率(Tr)对升温表现增加趋势;气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)对升温的响应与光合有效辐射(PAR〖WTBZ〗)强度有关。这可能意味着长时间升温条件下芦苇叶片因非气孔因素限制发生光合适应现象     

水深对表面流人工湿地污染河水处理系统运行效果的影响

基于中试系统一年的连续运行监测,研究了水深对芦苇表面流人工湿地污染河水处理系统的影响。结果表明,水深对表面流人工湿地污染河水处理系统运行效果有很大影响,在进水COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷等分别为36±4.46、0.92±0.47、6.27±2.01和0.13±0.05 mg/L条件下,水深50 cm时处理效果最好,COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到42.75%、58.42%、56.94%和43.24%。综合污染物去除效果和人工湿地建设工程量,芦苇表面流人工湿地的水深宜采用50 cm。人工湿地系统中植物光合生理和溶解氧等研究表明,水深主要通过影响植物生长和溶解氧等而影响人工湿地的水质净化效果。     

太湖湖滨湿地沉积物氮磷与2种挺水植物氮磷的关系

在无锡太湖湖滨带布设3条样带、36个样点进行了调查,分析了表层沉积物（0~15 cm）和芦苇（Phragmites australis（Cav.）Trin.）、茭白（Zizania latifolia（Griseb.）Turcz.）2种挺水植物w（N）、w（P）的变化,揭示了沉积物N、P的空间分布以及与2种挺水植物N、P的关系。结果表明：（1）表层沉积物w（N）自上而下分别为7.89~4.24 mg.g-1（0~5 cm）、7.56~3.81 mg.g-1（0~10 cm）、7.61~3.77 mg.g-1（0~15 cm）,w（P）分别为1.293~0.532 mg.g-1（0~5 cm）、1.112~0.497 mg.g-1（0~10 cm）、0.952~0.471 mg.g-1（0~15 cm）。（2）生态修复区表层沉积物N、P的水平变化规律一致,按陆向辐射区-水位变幅区-水向辐射区依次递减,而从垂直变化来看,w（N）、w（P）均以表层最高,并依次向下层递减;硬质护坡区P的变化与之一致,但N的水平分布却按陆向辐射区-水位变幅区-水向辐射区依次递增,垂直分布呈现表层最低,并依次向下层递增变化。（3）2种挺水植物w（N）、w（P）不同,芦苇对N、P的吸收明显高于茭白（芦苇地上部分w（N）31.75~42.61 mg.g-1,地下部分w（N）13.57~18.21 mg.g-1;茭白地上w（N）14.78~23.57 mg.g-1,地下部分w（N）13.57~18.21 mg.g-1,而芦苇地上部分w（P）3.62~5.08 mg.g-1,茭白地上部分w（P）1.42~1.93 mg.g-1,地下部分w（P）0.35~0.57 mg.g-1）。2种挺水植物地上部分N、P吸收量远远大于地下部分吸收量。（4）相关分析表明,2种植物地下部分w（TP）与沉积物w（TP）呈正相关,而芦苇地下部分w（TP）与沉积物w（TP）相关性显著（P〈0.05）,说明芦苇根系对沉积物中的P具有强烈吸附作用。（5）2种植物对太湖中沉积物N、P分配有显著影响,生态恢复区沉积物中w（N）显著高于硬质护坡,而w（P）较硬质护坡显著降低,适度恢复水生植被可有效缓解湖泊水体的富营养化。     

长江口潮滩芦苇根表铁膜磁性特征及其环境意义

湿地植物根表铁膜对包括重金属在内的物质迁移转化具有重要作用,其氧化铁组成研究备受重视,但利用环境磁学方法进行表征的研究还未见报道.本文对长江口潮滩植物芦苇根系及周边沉积物进行了磁学分析,并结合沉积物粒度、漫反射光谱等测试,对芦苇根表铁膜的磁性矿物组成进行了系统研究.结果表明,芦苇根表铁膜磁性矿物主要包括磁铁矿和赤铁矿.由于沉积物不同深度氧化还原环境的不同,铁膜磁性矿物组成存在垂向差异.研究柱样24 cm深度以上,由于相对氧化的环境,铁膜磁性矿物除磁铁矿外,还有较多的赤铁矿贡献;24 cm深度以下,因根系处于相对还原的环境,磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主.与沉积物相比,24 cm以上深度铁膜中亚铁磁性矿物含量较低,24 cm深度以下则相反,反映铁膜和沉积物磁性矿物来源不同.本项研究表明,磁性测量方法有助于认识湿地植物根表铁膜的矿物组成,对湿地生物地球化学过程研究具有重要价值.     

Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site

Liberty State Park in New Jersey,USA,is a "brownfield" site containing various levels of contaminants.To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site,Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season(May–September)in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads,respectively.The objective of this study was to understand the metal(Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb and Zn)concentration and spatial distributions in P.australis and T.latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence(μXRF)and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography(μCMT)techniques.The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis.Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different.Significant correlations were found between metals(Cu,Mn,Pb and Zn)and Fe in the epidermis,implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides.The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific.The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.     

Mapping Locust Habitats in the Amudarya River Delta,Uzbekistan with Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery

Reed beds of Phragmites australis in the River Amudarya delta near the Aral Sea constitute permanent breeding areas of the Asian Migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratoria. Every year, thousands of hectares are treated with broad-spectrum insecticides to prevent locust swarms from damaging crops in adjacent areas. To devise efficient locust monitoring and management plans, accurate and updated information about the spatial distribution of reeds is necessary. Given the vast geographic extent of the delta, traditional, ground survey methods are inadequate. Remotely sensed data collected by the MODIS sensor aboard the TERRA satellite provide a useful tool to characterize the spatial distribution of reeds. Multi-temporal MODIS data, collected at different times of the growing season, were used to generate spectral-temporal signatures for reeds and other land cover classes. These spectral-temporal signatures were matched with reed phenology. MODIS information was digitally classified to generate a land cover map with an overall accuracy of 74%. MODIS data captured 87% of the ground-verified reed locations. Estimates derived from MODIS data indicate that 18% of the study area was covered by reeds. However, high commission error resulted from misclassification of reeds mixed with shrubs class and shrubs class as reeds. This could have resulted in overprediction of the area covered by reeds. Additional research is needed to minimize the overlap between reeds and other vegetation classes (shrubs, and reed and shrub mix). Nevertheless, despite its relatively low spatial resolution (250 m), multi-temporal MODIS data were able to adequately capture the distribution of reeds. Instead of blanketing the fragile wetland ecosystem of the Amudarya delta with chemical anti-locust treatments, plant protection specialists can use this information to devise ecologically sound pest management plans aimed at reducing the adverse environmental impact in the zone of the Aral Sea ecological catastrophe. MODIS methodology to identify reed stands can be applicable to the Migratory locust habitats in other geographic areas.     

Shoreline Development Drives Invasion of Phragmites australis and the Loss of Plant Diversity on New England Salt Marshes

Abstract:  The reed Phragmites australis Cav. is aggressively invading salt marshes along the Atlantic Coast of North America. We examined the interactive role of habitat alteration (i.e., shoreline development) in driving this invasion and its consequences for plant richness in New England salt marshes. We surveyed 22 salt marshes in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and quantified shoreline development, Phragmites cover, soil salinity, and nitrogen availability. Shoreline development, operationally defined as removal of the woody vegetation bordering marshes, explained >90% of intermarsh variation in Phragmites cover. Shoreline development was also significantly correlated with reduced soil salinities and increased nitrogen availability, suggesting that removing woody vegetation bordering marshes increases nitrogen availability and decreases soil salinities, thus facilitating Phragmites invasion. Soil salinity (64%) and nitrogen availability (56%) alone explained a large proportion of variation in Phragmites cover, but together they explained 80% of the variation in Phragmites invasion success. Both univariate and aggregate (multidimensional scaling) analyses of plant community composition revealed that Phragmites dominance in developed salt marshes resulted in an almost three-fold decrease in plant species richness. Our findings illustrate the importance of maintaining integrity of habitat borders in conserving natural communities and provide an example of the critical role that local conservation can play in preserving these systems. In addition, our findings provide ecologists and natural resource managers with a mechanistic understanding of how human habitat alteration in one vegetation community can interact with species introductions in adjacent communities (i.e., flow-on or adjacency effects) to hasten ecosystem degradation.     

长江口南汇潮滩湿地污水处理系统的净化功能

2002年8月～12月对长江口南汇潮滩湿地处理系统对污水净化效果进行了研究,分析了潮滩沉积物中N、P含量变化及其与功能细菌含量间的关系,以及芦苇对污染物质的直接去除作用。结果表明:潮滩湿地对污水的净化效果显著,对TN、TP和COD的去除率分别达到94.06%,76.82%和92.47%;沉积物中N、P含量随样点与排污口间距离增大呈下降趋势;沉积物中NH4+—N、NO3-—N、DIP含量与功能细菌数量间呈良好的正相关;收割芦苇去除的N、P量分别只占全年排入湿地总量的2.201×10-5%、4.552×10-4%。潮滩湿地对污染物的去除主要通过:潮汐稀释转移,沉降,滩面沉积物吸附等物理过程和微生物分解等生物过程的综合作用,而潮滩植物的直接去除作用仅占很小部分。     

红碱淖湿地不同水分条件下芦苇群落对土壤有机碳组分和无机氮含量的影响

土壤水分和植物群落特征是影响湿地土壤碳氮储存功能的重要因素.为阐明不同水分条件下植物群落类型对湿地土壤有机碳组分和无机氮含量的影响,本研究以陕西红碱淖湿地为研究对象,探究在低(5.7％±1.1％)、中(20.6％±1.9％)、高(27.5％±9.0％)3种土壤水分条件下,两种群落类型(芦苇单优和混生)的土壤有机碳组分、...     

Effectiveness of vegetation on phosphorus removal from reclaimed water by a subsurface flow wetland in a coastal area

This work was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and influence factors of vegetation on phosphorus (P) removal from reclaimed water in constructed wetlands. Comparisons were conducted between one pilot scale subsurface flow wetland (P-SSFW) and two demonstration subsurface flow wetlands, which were series-wound and named as first subsurface flow wetland (F-SSFW), and second subsurface flow wetland (S-SSFW), respectively. The three wetlands had the same vegetation and substrate, but different pH values, total dissolved solids (TDS) and P loads. Results showed that the P content in the vegetation shoots of the F-SSFW was 2.16 mg/g, while 2.31 mg/g in the S-SSFW and 2.69 mg/g in the P-SSFW. These differences were likely caused by the higher pH and TDS in the reclaimed water. The P content also differed among the tissues of the plant, which were 5.94-6.44 mg/g, 2.20-2.77 mg/g, 1.31-1.46 mg/g and 1.53-1.88 mg/g in the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. The greatest discrepancy was observed in the leaves, indicating that the environment of the wetlands had the greatest influence on the leaves. When the total phosphorus (TP) load was lower, the proportion of P removed by vegetation assimilation was 16.17% in the P-SSFW, 12.90% in the F-SSFW and 13.29% in the S-SSFW. However, the relative removal efficiency by vegetation among the three wetlands did not vary greatly from that observed in other studies. Moreover, the influence of pH, TDS and TP load was not as great as the influence of the vegetation species, type of substrate, influent style or climate.