OPEN CHANNEL INTERPOLATION OF CROSS SECTIONAL PROPERTIES1

ABSTRACT: This paper confirms the use of interpolated data to refine water surface profiles. Sources of error within these computations are due to truncation error, inaccuracies in geometric data, and improper modeling. Confirmation includes the development of an equation that models the effect of data measurement error on the computed water surface profile. A review of interpolation procedures includes a proposed method based upon geometric properties.     

COMPARISON OF METHODS TO ESTIMATE DEEP PERCOLATION RATES1

ABSTRACT: Deep percolation rates are normally estimated from a water balance. Results are presented of a study undertaken to evaluate three alternative methods of estimating percolation below the root zone when knowledge about the history of applied water and evapotranspiration are not available. The alternative methods are: 1) use of Darcy's equation to calculate deep percolation rate; 2) measurement of the soil temperature prof and calculation of the deep percolation rate from the shape of the temperature depth curve; and 3) measurement of the tritium concentration in the soil water and its relationship to the history of the tritium concentration in rainfall. At the principal study site, the Darcy velocity of flow ranged from 9 cm per year determined by the temperature method, to 40 cm per year determined by the tritium method. Darcy's equation to calculate seepage rates resulted in an estimation of deep seepage of 18 cm per year. An average deep percolation rate at the principal study site of 22 cm per year was determined using the average of all three methods. Results for other sites based on the temperature method indicated a lower seepage rate.     

辽宁省典型城市道路尘PM2.5成分谱研究

为构建辽宁省典型城市道路尘源成分谱，分别采集了鞍山市和盘锦市道路尘样品，分析了其化学组分特征，用富集因子法和比值法分析了其主要来源，用分歧系数法分析了两个城市成分谱的相似度.结果表明：盘锦市和鞍山市道路尘PM_2.5中的化学组成以有机碳组分（OC）和地壳类元素（Al、Ca、Mg、Fe和K）为主.除Cu和V元素外，其余元素均表现为鞍山市的富集因子大于盘锦市.由比值法可得，盘锦市和鞍山市OC/EC分别为（13.20±6.26）和（3.94±0.63），均存在二次污染现象；NO₃^-/SO₄^2-的均值分别为（0.52±0.55）和（0.46±0.13），说明其道路尘PM_2.5受固定源影响更大.盘锦市与鞍山市道路尘成分谱分歧系数为0.354，说明两个源成分谱可能相似.     

Benthic Fluxes and Pore Water Profiles in the Tigullio Gulf

Diffusive fluxes of elements (NO^-₂, NO^-₃, NH⁺₄, SiO₂, PO^3-₄, Cl^-, SO^2-₄, Fe, Mn) have been measured by applying the Fick's first law in two stations of the Tigullio Gulf: the first one characterized by sandy sediments rich in vegetal detritus and the second one, located to within the tourist harbour, characterized by a silty-clay sediments.

Benthic fluxes were measured only in the second station by means of benthic chamber experiments. Although the significant presence of dissolved oxygen in the surface sediments, and the evidence of processes usually occurring in oxidised sediments such as nitrification, both stations also presented characteristics of anoxic sediments such as high oxygen consumption rate and high pore water concentrations of ion, manganese and N-ammonia and reactive orthophosphate.

In both stations, sediments seemed to represent a potential source for most of the chemical species studied, although fluxes were not confirmed for ion, manganese and reactive orthophosphate in benthic chamber experiments.

Diffusive fluxes presented a general agreement for both stations, with higher fluxes of N-nitrate and N-nitrite at the first station were oxidative processes of N-ammonia in the upper layer of the sediments seemed to be more active. the comparison between diffusive and benthic fluxes showed a possible contribution of bioturbation.     

基于受体模型和源成分谱的缺失组分反演算法

针对目前在线监测仪器无法监测Al、Si标识组分可能增加源解析结果不确定性的问题,基于正交矩阵因子分解法模型和实测源成分谱反演Al、Si受体数据,提出缺失组分反演-嵌套PMF算法.设置周期性和非周期性模拟实验,利用PMF模型对缺失Al、Si受体数据、含反演Al、Si受体数据和含Al、Si受体数据分别进行源解析评估,并将源解析结果与真实值进行对比分析,验证缺失组分反演-嵌套PMF算法的可靠性.研究结果表明对于周期性扰动模拟实验,缺失Al、Si对解析土壤源、机动车、燃煤源有较大的影响,反演Al、Si能优化源解析结果,降低源解析结果的不确定性.     

北京地区大气温湿廓线对气溶胶垂直分布的影响

目的分析北京地区大气温湿廓线对气溶胶垂直分布的影响。方法利用北京地区2017年9月至2018年8月每日两次(08时和20时)的气象探空、地面PM_(2.5)浓度和气溶胶激光雷达消光系数资料,分析不同污染条件下大气温湿廓线与气溶胶消光系数廓线的关系。结果地面PM_(2.5)浓度和210m气溶胶消光系数的相关系数达到0.77。春季、秋季和冬季污染条件下的近地面消光系数约是清洁条件下的5倍,夏季污染条件下的近地面消光系数约是清洁条件下的3倍。相比清洁条件下,污染条件下各季节的大气温度垂直递减率偏小,并且低层大气相对湿度偏大。结论大气温度廓线代表大气层结稳定性,影响气溶胶的扩散高度,而相对湿度廓线与气溶胶吸湿增长密切相关,两者对气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布都有重要影响。     

江苏省人为源VOCs排放清单及其对臭氧生成贡献

基于江苏省工业、能源、环境等活动水平数据,结合排放因子法和源成分谱研究成果,建立了江苏省分市、分行业、分物种人为源VOCs排放清单,利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)估算了其对臭氧的生成贡献.结果显示,江苏省2015年VOCs人为源排放量为192.78万t,化石燃料燃烧、工业过程源、有机溶剂使用源、生物质燃烧源、移动源、有机溶剂储运源排放质量分数分别为7.38%、27.93%、39.56%、3.55%、16.18%、5.39%.苏州、南京、徐州3市VOCs排放量居全省前三位,均超过20万t.56种臭氧前驱物所产生的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)总量为542.95万t,行业分布与VOCs排放总量的行业分布相似,机械设备制造、交通工具制造、建筑装饰等涂装行业对OFP的贡献比例是VOCs排放总量贡献比例的1.3~1.6倍,控制喷涂行业等量的VOCs会产生更大的OFP削减.对OFP贡献大的前10位物种分别是间/对-二甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯、甲苯、邻-二甲苯、1-丁烯、乙苯、1,2,4-三甲基苯、对-乙基甲苯,对总OFP的贡献为75.63%.     

生物质锅炉羰基化合物排放特征分析

为了探讨生物质锅炉羰基化合物的排放特征,采用气袋采样-PFPH衍生-GC/MS分析的方法测量了6台生物质锅炉排放烟气中的21种羰基化合物.结果表明,这些生物质锅炉的烟气中羰基化合物排放特征存在明显差异,总体而言,己醛和丙醛浓度在测定的21种目标化合物中比重最高,分别占总量的29%~47%和19%~31%,其次为甲醛和丙酮,乙醛和壬醛.通过羰基化合物排放量与消耗的燃料质量比值估算了排放因子,6台锅炉羰基化合物排放因子介于3.06~18.29mg/kg之间,平均为9.45±6.05mg/kg.采用最大增量反应活性法（MIR）评价了羰基化合物的化学反应活性及臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,平均总的臭氧生成潜势（以O₃计）为5.97gO₃/gVOCs;己醛、丙醛、甲醛对OFP的贡献尤为明显,丙酮虽然占有较高的质量浓度,但对OFP的贡献较低.     

我国工业源PM_(2.5)源谱的建立方法及行业排放特征分析

介绍了目前我国工业源PM2.5源谱的建立方法及研究现状,通过对国内现有燃煤电厂锅炉、钢铁行业和水泥行业PM2.5源谱数据的汇总和分析,归纳了我国主要工业源PM2.5源谱的特征;从地域、生产工艺、工序、污染物控制措施对PM2.5源谱的影响研究,指出我国目前源谱建立存在的困难和问题,结合我国当前工业生产及环境需求,对我国工业行业建立PM2.5本土源谱提出了意见及建议。     

腈菌唑不同对映体对丽斑麻蜥性腺系统的影响

腈菌唑(myclobutanil,MT)是一种应用广泛的手性杀菌剂,其手性对映体为(+)-腈菌唑(MT1)和(-)-腈菌唑(MT2)。腈菌唑手性单体具有不同的生物活性,但很少有其对爬行动物的对应选择毒性研究。为了评估腈菌唑手性单体对丽斑麻蜴性腺系统的毒性影响,将MT1(50 mg·kg-1)和MT2(50 mg·kg-1)以经口灌胃方式分别暴露给蜥蜴28 d。暴露期间,记录观察蜥蜴体重、血液中性激素(睾酮T和雌二醇E2)浓度以及性腺相关基因(3β-HSD、17β-HSD、CYP11A、CYP17、CYP19A、ER-α和AR)的表达图谱的变化。在MT1暴露组中,蜥蜴体重在28 d出现明显下降。而在MT2暴露组中,蜥蜴体重没有明显变化。雄性蜥蜴在经过1 d的暴露后,E2浓度在MT1暴露组中明显下降,而在MT2暴露组中明显上升。这些结果表明了腈菌唑手性单体的对映选择性毒性。在MT2暴露14 d后,雌性蜥蜴中CYP19A基因的表达上调弥补了体内E2浓度的降低。在MT1暴露的14 d,蜥蜴卵巢中观察到的CYP11A和CYP17基因表达下调以及CYP19A基因表达不变的这一现象解释了蜥蜴血液中E2和T的浓度减少。这些结果表明:MT1和MT2暴露对蜥蜴体内性激素造成不同的影响,而这些影响会相应改变性腺相关基因的表达。综上所述,MT1和MT2对性腺系统具有潜在的内分泌干扰效应,可能对蜥蜴造成不同程度的生殖损伤。