铁路行车安全与司机生理和心理素质关系的研究

从确保铁路行车安全的角度，结合铁路机车乘务工作的职业特点和要求，分析了影响铁路行车安全的诸多因素中最为重要的人的因素在安全驾驶中的作用，以及作为能够胜任我国铁路机车驾驶工作要求的合格司机应具备的生理、心理因素；论文采用国际先进的分析技术和分析软件（ＳＡＳ），对抽取的１２７８ 名现役铁路司机的８８ 个测试因子数据进行了全面综合的统计分析，得出有关司机的心理和生理特征以及与行车安全的内在关系，为提高铁路司机的整体素质及铁路行车安全可靠性提供了科学的依据     

Vertical emission profiles for Europe based on plume rise calculations

The vertical allocation of emissions has a major impact on results of Chemistry Transport Models. However, in Europe it is still common to use fixed vertical profiles based on rough estimates to determine the emission height of point sources. This publication introduces a set of new vertical profiles for the use in chemistry transport modeling that were created from hourly gridded emissions calculated by the SMOKE for Europe emission model. SMOKE uses plume rise calculations to determine effective emission heights. Out of more than 40 000 different vertical emission profiles 73 have been chosen by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. These profiles show large differences to those currently used in many emission models. Emissions from combustion processes are released in much lower altitudes while those from production processes are allocated to higher altitudes. The profiles have a high temporal and spatial variability which is not represented by currently used profiles.     

Identifying different types of bulking in an activated sludge system through quantitative image analysis

The present study proposes an image analysis methodology for the identification of different types of disturbances in wastewater treatment activated sludge systems. Up to date, most reported image analysis methodologies have been used in activated sludge processes with the aim of filamentous bulking detection, however, other disturbances could be foreseen in wastewater treatment plants. Such disturbances can lead to fluctuations in the biomass contents, affecting the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and in the sludge settling ability, affecting the sludge volume index (SVI). Therefore, this work focuses on predicting the MLSS and SVI parameters for different types of disturbances affecting an activated sludge system. Four experiments were conducted simulating filamentous bulking, zoogleal or viscous bulking, pinpoint floc formation, and normal operating conditions. Alongside the MLSS and SVI determination, the aggregated and filamentous biomass contents and morphology were studied as well as the biomass Gram and viability status, by means of image analysis.     

Spatial and Temporal Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles in Remote European Lakes

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been measured in the dated sediment cores of 10 remote lakes distributed across Europe. The geographic trends were evaluated by examination of the superficial sediment fluxes and total sediment inventories. The highest levels of both markers were observed in the Eastern European lakes whereas the minimal values corresponded to the lake located in the Arctic. However, this SCP-PAH correlation was not observed after exclusion of the end member lakes from the series. The temporal trends of both pollutant markers are consistent with the history of pyrolytic emissions over Europe. However, the downcore SCP distributions are shorter than the PAH profiles in nearly all lakes. The differences are probably related to the different size particle fractions involved in the measurement of each marker, >5 and >1 m for SCP and PAH, respectively. Thus, the two proxies probably reflect pollution inputs from closer (SCP) and more distant sites (PAH).     

城市间PM2.5源的碳成分谱比较

为了解我国不同城市PM_2.5源的碳成分谱特征和地域差异,采集沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市的燃煤源、柴油车尾气源、汽油车尾气源和餐饮源样品,使用热光透射法分析PM_2.5中的总碳（TC）、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,以及细分的8种碳组分（OC1,OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1,EC2,EC3和OPC_T）,构建各类污染源碳成分谱.结果表明：3个城市4类源TC/PM_2.5从高到低分别为：餐饮源（65.1%±8.4%）、柴油车尾气源（46.2%±9.5%）、汽油车尾气源（37.7%±3.5%）和燃煤源（17.3%±8.0%）;OC/TC在餐饮源中最高（98.0%±0.5%）,EC/TC在柴油车尾气源中最高（38.6%±8.5%）.3个城市同类源的碳组分含量受污染源细分后的不同类型影响有一定差异,但归一化处理后总体仍表现为燃煤源中OC2（14%~30%）和OC3（13%~23%）含量最高,柴油车尾气源中EC2（22%~56%）含量最高,汽油车尾气源中OC2（24%~41%）、OC1（16%~42%）和OC3（12%~26%）含量最高,餐饮源中OC2（21%~43%）和OC3（23%~49%）含量最高.不同污染源的OC/EC值为燃煤源在0.4~7.6之间,柴油车尾气源在0.2~5.6之间,汽油车尾气源在1.1~38.5之间,餐饮源在6.4~170.2之间.分歧系数结果显示3个城市不同源的碳成分谱具有差异性,同类源的碳成分谱具有相似性.将3个城市同类源碳成分谱合并后利用化学质量平衡灵敏度矩阵得到OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1和OPC_T可共同作为燃煤源的标识组分;EC2是柴油车尾气源的标识组分;OC1,OC2和OC3可共同作为汽油车尾气源的标识组分;OC2和OC3可共同作为餐饮源的标识组分.沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市相同污染源相似的碳成分谱和一致的标识碳组分可为国内其他城市相关研究提供数据参考.     

彩钢行业VOCs排放特征及O3和SOA生成潜势

采用固相吸附-热脱附-气质联用技术对浙江某市典型彩钢企业生产车间与废气处理装置进行了VOCs定量分析,获得了该行业的特征VOCs成分谱,并利用最大反应增量法（MIR）和气溶胶转化系数法（FAC）估算了彩钢行业各组分VOCs对臭氧（O₃）及二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成潜势.结果显示：该市彩钢行业VOCs成分复杂,酯类和醇类占比在50%以上;车间VOCs浓度水平受温度影响大,夏季浓度约为冬季浓度的1.6~4.2倍;通过对O3和SOA的计算可知,芳烃类、醇类物质对O₃生成潜势贡献率分别为70.0%和28.05%,而SOA生成潜势完全由芳烃类物质提供.     

基于多旋翼无人机平台的大气PM2.5垂直结构观测技术

目的设计可用于大气边界层范围的大气污染观测平台。方法使用多旋翼无人机作为载体,集成多种大气污染物和气象要素的便携式检测设备,组建无人机观测平台。通过地面比对实验,保障所搭载的设备数据可靠,通过与大载荷系留气艇平台的垂直比对实验验证平台集成后的数据可靠性。结果对于重点观测指标PM_(2.5)而言,无人机和系留气艇所获取的垂直廓线表现出良好的一致性,各个航次的R2最低值为0.762,多数航次的组内相关系数为0.94以上。在2017年12月18日的案例中,无人机的观测数据表明,早上的大气垂直结构呈现了明显分层,0～200 m高度较为稳定的大气层结阻碍了污染物向上扩散,导致了近地面PM_(2.5)80μg/m~3的较高浓度,而下午的观测数据有助于解释污染消散。结论文中搭建的多旋翼无人机平台可以用于0～1000 m范围内的边界层观测,尽管个别航次数据和系留气艇平台仍存在差异,但现有观测结果已表明,该平台有助于研究人员了解污染事件的发生和消散,可以进一步推广应用。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

Distribution and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in industrial site soils： A case study of urban renewal in Beijing, China

A field survey was conducted in a contaminated industrial site of southern Beijing,China to investigate the contents and distribution of the organochlorine pesticides(α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH,p,p-DDT,p,p-DDE,p,p-DDD and o,p-DDT) in the profiles of soil,and a health risk assessment was carried out with CalTOX multimedia exposure model.Results showed that mean concentrations of total hexachlorocyclohexane isomers(HCHs) and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers(DDXs) in soils were in the range of 13.20-148.71 mg...     

多元统计与铅同位素示踪解析旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属来源

用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了厦门市旱地2个垂直剖面土壤中26种重金属元素的含量,研究了剖面土壤中重金属元素的分布特征,环境风险及污染来源.综合内梅罗综合污染指数法,地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果,Cd为厦门市旱地土壤的主要污染因子;土壤重金属污染严重的为50~60 cm深度.多元统计分析结果表明,重金属的主要来源为农业生产活动与自然源,其中主要污染因子Cd来自于农业生产的影响.对垂直剖面土壤的酸可溶相铅同位素组成与厦门市潜在污染源的铅同位素进行对比分析.结果表明,厦门市旱地土壤中,铅主要来源于污泥和土壤母质层.根据剖面土壤在~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb-~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb图中的分布特征,利用铅同位素二元混合模型计算出P180剖面和P181剖面母质层的贡献率的平均值分别为54.36%和42.88%,污泥的贡献率平均值分别为45.64%和57.12%,表明旱地剖面土壤中铅主要来源为母质层和城市污泥,与多元统计分析结果相一致.