Distribution and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in industrial site soils： A case study of urban renewal in Beijing, China

A field survey was conducted in a contaminated industrial site of southern Beijing,China to investigate the contents and distribution of the organochlorine pesticides(α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH,p,p-DDT,p,p-DDE,p,p-DDD and o,p-DDT) in the profiles of soil,and a health risk assessment was carried out with CalTOX multimedia exposure model.Results showed that mean concentrations of total hexachlorocyclohexane isomers(HCHs) and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers(DDXs) in soils were in the range of 13.20-148.71 mg...     

多元统计与铅同位素示踪解析旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属来源

用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了厦门市旱地2个垂直剖面土壤中26种重金属元素的含量,研究了剖面土壤中重金属元素的分布特征,环境风险及污染来源.综合内梅罗综合污染指数法,地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果,Cd为厦门市旱地土壤的主要污染因子;土壤重金属污染严重的为50~60 cm深度.多元统计分析结果表明,重金属的主要来源为农业生产活动与自然源,其中主要污染因子Cd来自于农业生产的影响.对垂直剖面土壤的酸可溶相铅同位素组成与厦门市潜在污染源的铅同位素进行对比分析.结果表明,厦门市旱地土壤中,铅主要来源于污泥和土壤母质层.根据剖面土壤在~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb-~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb图中的分布特征,利用铅同位素二元混合模型计算出P180剖面和P181剖面母质层的贡献率的平均值分别为54.36%和42.88%,污泥的贡献率平均值分别为45.64%和57.12%,表明旱地剖面土壤中铅主要来源为母质层和城市污泥,与多元统计分析结果相一致.     

Trace metals in the western Mediterranean Sea∗

Data on Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations in seawater referring to five years of field studies on the western Mediterranean Sea are reported in order to present a space and time integrated situation on the levels of these metals. Surface total metal concentrations present rather homogeneous distributions between the different areas considered, including the Tyrrhenian Sea. The metal concentrations in three areas affected by natural and industrial wastes are also discussed. The vertical distribution of the dissolved Cd, Pb and Cu in the Alboran Sea seems to be rather homogeneous, both vertically and among the stations chosen between the Strait of Gibraltar and the Island of Alboran.     

Plasma lipid profiles and risk of cardiovascular disease on occupational exposure in Karimnagar

Occupational exposure is unregulated in developing countries like India, and becoming the most common cause of disease of environmental origin. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of occupational exposure on plasma lipid profiles, and risk of cardiovascular diseases. A total of 79 human volunteers were included in the study. Control subjects were healthy housewives of Karimnagar, India. Occupationally exposed individuals included different occupational workers like petrol station attendants, battery chargers, drivers, welders, pesticide-exposed workers, painters, and auto mechanics. These subjects were shown to be chronic occupationally-exposed for at least three years, and neither associated with any other chronic pathological conditions like hypertension or diabetes, nor under any medication other than analgesics during the month preceding the study. Subjects with excessive high or low caloric intake were excluded from the study. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), VLDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol, and TC/HDL ratio in these subjects were significantly higher than those in control subjects, whereas HDL cholesterol was not markedly affected. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and other anthropometric parameters (body mass index (BMI), body fat index (BFI), body surface area (BSA)) were not significantly different between groups. Data suggest that chronic occupational exposure increases plasma lipid levels and is thereby associated with cardiovascular complications.     

PCB disposition and different biological effects in rats following direct soil exposure vs. PCBs off-gassed from the soil

A comparison of PCB congener profiles and limited biological effects was made between direct exposure to PCB-contaminated soil and vapor phase PCBs from that soil to determine congener patterns useful for identifying exposure sources in humans and wildlife. Weanling female Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to either control or PCB-contaminated soil (from a landfill in Southern Illinois) for 1 and 2 weeks. The exposures were via direct contact with the soil or via airborne exposure with the rats isolated from the soil by a wire screen. Total PCB of 25% contaminated soil used in the study was 13?500?ppm. No PCBs were detectable in control rats. In direct-exposed rats, total PCB residues in fat pad, ear skin, serum, liver, and inguinal lymph nodes after the 1-week exposure were 6256, 185, 3.2, 149, and 41?ppm, respectively, but decreased to 465, 72, 1.7, 106, and 32.4?ppm after the 2-week exposure. In airborne-exposed rats, total PCB residues were 7.8, 1.6, 0.03, 0.2, and 0.6 in the same manner and slightly increased in fat pad and ear skin to 11.6 and 2.14, respectively. Decreases in both the concentrations and percentages of “episodic” PCBs (those congeners rapidly metabolized) in the fat pad were apparent following the 2-week exposure compared to the 1-week exposure by both routes. Both EROD and BROD activities were significantly increased in the direct-exposed rats, whereas only BROD activity increased in airborne-exposed rats. Serum T ₄ levels were depleted in the direct-exposed rats regardless of time of exposure but were increased insignificantly after 1-week and significantly after 2 weeks in the airborne-exposed rats. No significant changes in serum insulin levels were apparent in any of the treated groups. The results suggested that exposure of animals to PCBs via different routes could result in different PCB profiles, which could cause different biological effects.     

Application of random pore model for SO2 removal reaction by CuO

In this work, mathematical modeling of SO₂ removal reaction with CuO was accomplished by the random pore model. The partial differential equations, describing the reaction of a gaseous reactant with a single pellet and also a packed bed of solid reactant, were solved by the finite element method. The results of modeling consist of CuO conversion-time profiles at different temperatures and SO₂ concentrations, and also break through curves which were compared with the literature experimental data in a good accuracy. The rate constants were estimated from the initial slope of the conversion-time curves, and the product layer diffusivities were evaluated from the whole conversion-time profiles.     

Identifying different types of bulking in an activated sludge system through quantitative image analysis

The present study proposes an image analysis methodology for the identification of different types of disturbances in wastewater treatment activated sludge systems. Up to date, most reported image analysis methodologies have been used in activated sludge processes with the aim of filamentous bulking detection, however, other disturbances could be foreseen in wastewater treatment plants. Such disturbances can lead to fluctuations in the biomass contents, affecting the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and in the sludge settling ability, affecting the sludge volume index (SVI). Therefore, this work focuses on predicting the MLSS and SVI parameters for different types of disturbances affecting an activated sludge system. Four experiments were conducted simulating filamentous bulking, zoogleal or viscous bulking, pinpoint floc formation, and normal operating conditions. Alongside the MLSS and SVI determination, the aggregated and filamentous biomass contents and morphology were studied as well as the biomass Gram and viability status, by means of image analysis.     

Vertical emission profiles for Europe based on plume rise calculations

The vertical allocation of emissions has a major impact on results of Chemistry Transport Models. However, in Europe it is still common to use fixed vertical profiles based on rough estimates to determine the emission height of point sources. This publication introduces a set of new vertical profiles for the use in chemistry transport modeling that were created from hourly gridded emissions calculated by the SMOKE for Europe emission model. SMOKE uses plume rise calculations to determine effective emission heights. Out of more than 40 000 different vertical emission profiles 73 have been chosen by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. These profiles show large differences to those currently used in many emission models. Emissions from combustion processes are released in much lower altitudes while those from production processes are allocated to higher altitudes. The profiles have a high temporal and spatial variability which is not represented by currently used profiles.     

上海市市政污水中全氟有机酸污染特征

选择上海市9座市政污水处理厂(WWTPs)作为研究对象,检测其进水和出水中全氟有机酸(PFAs)污染水平.结果表明,市政污水中总PFAs浓度为903~4628ng/L,且中短链(C2~C10)全氟羧酸(PFCAs)的检出率一般高于长链(>C10)PFCAs,而对全氟烷基磺酸(PFSAs)而言,全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)的检出率远高于全氟丁磺酸(PFBS)和全氟己磺酸(PFHxS).三氟乙酸(TFA)一般是市政污水中污染水平最高的PFAs,浓度为359~4129ng/L,占总PFAs的20%~93%.尽管全氟辛酸(PFOA)和PFOS的浓度一般低于TFA,甚至在某些情况下还会低于其他PFAs,但在绝大多数情况下它们依然是2种主要的PFAs类污染物,浓度分别为40.6~1571ng/L和21.3~1027ng/L,分别占总PFAs的2%~57%和1%~30%.在污水处理过程中,短链(C2~C5)和长链(>C10)PFCAs浓度的显著下降,而中等链长(C6~C10)PFCAs和PFSAs浓度则显著增加.此外,PFAs浓度和工业废水比例之间并不存在明显的正相关关系.     

生物质成型燃料锅炉挥发性有机物排放特征

以5台燃成型生物质燃料锅炉为研究对象,基于预浓缩-GC-MS/FID的测量方法,对成型生物质燃烧产生的烟气进行了挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征研究,同时还测定颗粒物、NO_x、SO_2和汞及其化合物的排放浓度.结果表明,5台锅炉所排放的SO_2和汞及其化合物均低于排放标准要求,而氮氧化物和颗粒物的排放存在高于国标排放限值现象.56种VOCs总质量浓度在(872.43±293.80)~(6 929.66±1 137.25)μg·m~(-3)之间,影响因素分析表明VOCs浓度与炉膛中心温度及负荷有较强负相关性.VOCs的排放中烯烃占比最大,达41%~59%,其次是烷烃和芳香烃,分别为27%~49%和6%~18%.烯烃的排放以乙烯、1-丁烯、顺-2-丁烯和1-己烯为主,烷烃以正己烷、异戊烷和环戊烷为主,芳香烃则以苯和甲苯为主.臭氧生成潜势采用最大增量反应活性法进行分析,5台锅炉的臭氧生成潜势贡献主要来自于烯烃,高达76%~90%,而烷烃也可占6%~19%.