Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle, waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs (Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food, as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its limitations.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can decrease the uptake of uranium by subterranean clover grown at high levels of uranium in soil

Subterranean clover inoculated or not with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices was grown on soil containing six levels of 238U in the range 0-87 mg kg(-1). Increasing U concentration in soil enhanced the U concentration in roots and shoots of both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants but had no significant effects on plant dry matter production or root AM colonization. Mycorrhizas increased the shoot dry matter and P concentration in roots and shoots, while in most cases, it decreased the Ca, Mg and K concentrations in plants. The AM fungus influenced U concentration in plants only in the treatment receiving 87 mg U kg(-1) soil. In this case, U concentration in shoots of nonmycorrhizal plants was 1.7 times that of shoots of mycorrhizal plants. These results suggested that mycorrhizal fungi can limit U accumulation by plants exposed to high levels of U in soil.     

焦化废水中有机污染物的特性及处理工艺方法的研究

研究了焦化废水中有机物的特性及有机污染物处理技术的发展动态和新方法。研究表明 ,生物法和物化新方法的联合工艺是处理焦化废水有机污染物的有效方法     

原沈阳冶炼厂主厂区土壤污染现状评价及污染治理措施

在对原沈阳冶炼厂主厂区土壤污染现状评价的基础上,提出了土壤重金属污染治理措施。     

渗透胁迫下两种生物质能源植物的抗渗透胁迫能力及稳定碳同位素组成

本研究以麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)和油桐(Vernicia fordii H.)幼苗为材料,考察了麻疯树和油桐幼苗的生理指标和稳定碳同位素组成对渗透胁迫的响应情况。结果表明,麻疯树比油桐更具有抗渗透胁迫能力,主要体现在:随着渗透胁迫程度的加剧,麻疯树叶片相对含水量与叶绿素含量的下降幅度均小于油桐,脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量的增加幅度高于油桐,相对电导率的上升幅度小于油桐;随着渗透胁迫程度的加剧,两种植物幼苗叶片的δ13 C值也都显著升高,但是在同一渗透胁迫水平下,麻疯树幼苗叶片的δ13 C值较油桐高,表明其拥有较高的水分利用效率,能够在干旱胁迫下更好地生长,暗示着植物叶片的δ13 C值在一定情况下可以表征植物的抗旱性。     

太湖北部不同湖区春、夏季溶解性酸性多糖分布

为研究太湖dAPS(dissolved acidic polysaccharides,溶解性酸性多糖)的时空变化,探讨湖泊水体中dAPS对有机碳的贡献和重要性,于2012年春、夏季调查了太湖北部不同湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾、湖心区)水体中ρ(dAPS),分析了其时空变化特征及其与ρ(Chla)之间的关系,并探讨了不同湖湾中dAPS对DOC(溶解性有机碳)的贡献率. 结果表明,太湖北部水体中ρ(dAPS)春、夏季变化范围为3.02~9.93mg/L,平均值为(6.10±1.59) mg/L. 夏季太湖北部各湖区之间ρ(dAPS)没有显著性差异,春季梅梁湾中ρ(dAPS)显著高于湖心区(P<0.05),其他湖区并没有显著性差异. 春、夏两季ρ(dAPS)的最低值均出现在湖心区. 除贡湖湾外,夏季太湖北部各湖区ρ(dAPS)与ρ(Chla)都存在显著线性正相关,而春季各湖区则无显著线性关系. 这说明春、夏季dAPS的受控因素不一样,夏季ρ(dAPS)受藻类影响较大. 夏季各湖区dAPS对DOC的贡献率以贡湖湾最高,平均值高达46.7%±7.7%,春季则以梅梁湾的贡献率较高,平均值为68.6%±5.9%,这意味着dAPS在太湖水体有机碳循环中起着重要的作用.      

火电厂煤尘污染防治主要措施研究

文章通过对火电项目煤尘产生源的分析,根据北方地区社会、经济、环境现状,提出电厂储煤场及输煤系统煤尘的主要防治措施,从而为北方经济欠发达地区火电厂的煤尘污染防治提供一些参考依据,促进环境质量的改善。     

论城市污水处理厂的建设与管理

论述了建设城市污水处理厂的必要性、污水处理厂的设计标准与边界条件．从各个不同的方面讨论了污水处理厂的环境影响和防治对策、环境经济效益和管理问题．     

城市污水的渠内处理技术研究

利用研制的６０Ｌ／ｈ污水的渠式动态模拟装置，研究城市污水的渠内处理技术。结果表明，此法比传统的城市污水处理方法能提高ＣＯＤｃｒ的脱除率约４％～５％，而工程建设费和运行管理费分别降低３０％～４０％和２５％～３０％。渠内处理适宜与自然净化结合进行，出水经植物净化１２～１５ｈ后，ＢＯＤ５进一步降低１８％以上。由此可见，城市污水渠内处理技术具有良好的应用前景。     

南岳森林群落生物多样性研究(Ⅱ)广济寺森林群落植物物种多样性测定

本文根据实地调查资料及其统计分析结果,选用了24个物种多样性指数公式,并采用重要值、株数或鲜重以及优势度或盖度等作为测度指标,对南岳广济寺森林群落植物物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明,南岳广济寺森林属落多样性较高,接近山地季雨林的水平;此外,不同测度指标对物种多样性指数计算值并无明显的规律性。