Phytotoxicity and antioxidative enzymes of green microalga (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and duckweed (Lemna minor) exposed to herbicides MCPA,chloridazon and their mixtures

In this study, we evaluate the toxicity of MCPA (auxin-like growth inhibitor), chloridazon (CHD) (PSII-inhibitor) and their mixtures to floating plants and planktonic algae. Toxicity of MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) and CHD (5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone) was first assessed in two growth inhibition tests with Lemna minor (ISO/DIS 20079) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (ISO 8692). Next, herbicide mixtures at concentrations corresponding to the EC values were used to assess their interactive effects, and the biomarkers were: for duckweed fresh weight, frond area, chlorophyll content and number of fronds, and for algae cell count and cell volume. The 3d EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values using cell counts of D. subspicatus were 142.7 and 529.1 mg/L for MCPA and 1.7 and 5.1 mg/L for CHD. The 7d EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values using frond number of L. minor amounted to 0.8 and 5.4 mg/L for MCPA and 0.7 and 10.4 mg/L for CHD. Higher sensitivity of reproductive (number of cells/fronds) than growth processes (cell volume/frond area) to herbicides applied individually and in mixtures was especially pronounced in the responses of Desmodesmus. Herbicide interactions were assessed by the two-way ANOVA and Abbott's formula. Generally, an antagonistic interaction with Lemna was revealed by MCPA and chloridazon, whereas additive effect of both herbicides was observed for Desmodesmus. A significant stimulation of SOD and APX activity by binary mixtures was noted in algal cells mainly after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The extremely high stimulation of the activity of both enzymes was induced by the combination EC₁₀CHD + EC₅₀MCPA (48 h). Presumably due to oxidative stress, the treatment with CHD at concentration EC₅₀ after 72h was lethal for algae grown in aerated cultures, in contrast to standardized test conditions. Taking into account the consequences of risk assessment for herbicide mixtures we can state that a relatively low toxicity, as well as the lack of significant synergy between MCPA and CHD to non-target plants appears to be the most important result.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of interaction of simazine with humic acids

Abstract

The adsorption of simazine on two fractions of hu‐mic acids of different molecular size was investigated at a pH range of 2.5 to 6.2. The amounts of the herbicide adsorbed decreased with increasing pH for both of the two humic acids fractions used and no adsorption was observed at pH 5.5. The adsorption capacity of fraction I (M_v >100,000) exceeded that of fraction IV (M_v < 4,000) over the entire pH region used. No appreciable changes in the adsorbed amounts were observed after 24 hours.

Continuous flow dialysis techniques were used to determine the extent of binding between simazine and dissolved humic acids. It was observed that 50% and 60% of simazine added were thus removed from the dialysis bags containing humic acids fractions I and IV,respectively. Higher amounts of simazine were adsorbed by the high molecular weight humic fraction. The adsorption processes involve ionic bonds between simazine and humic acids. In addition it is likely that hydrogen bonds and physical forces are also involved in the adsorption of simazine by humic acids.     

A numerical investigation of fluid-structure coupling of 3 MW wind turbine blades

In this paper, computational modeling is created for 3 MW wind turbine blade using the software Solidworks, and the computations are carried out using Workbench for the fluid–structure interaction of blades due to both the rated and the extreme wind load. The methods developed are applied to the simulation of the NREL Phase VI wind turbine blades, and validation against published data is presented. Moreover, the static structural analysis for wind turbine rotor is performed using Mechanical APDL. The results show that the maximum values of stress reach 458 MPa and 76.9 MPa due to the rated and extreme wind load, respectively, which are lower than 78.3 MPa, the flexural strength of Swancor 2511-A epoxy resin for blade material.     

Algae mediate submerged macrophyte response to nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon loading: A mesocosm study on different species

Nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon are two important factors that influence the development and species composition of submerged macrophyte communities in shallow lake ecosystems. Yet little is known about their potential interactive effects on the submerged macrophytes and competition outcome of macrophyte–phytoplankton. We performed a mesocosm experiment to investigate the growth and photosynthetic performance of three submerged macrophytes in relation to phytoplankton/epiphyton with nutrient and bicarbonate enrichment. During the experimental period (42 d), increase in nutrient loading in water column resulted in a substantial burst of phytoplankton and epiphyton growth and increased light attenuation. When combined with nutrient loading, bicarbonate enrichment also resulted in a heavily phytoplankton- and epiphyton-dominated state, although bicarbonate enrichment per se does not cause the phytoplankton and epiphyton growth. However, increase in nutrient loading in water column had significant negative impact on individual performances (growth and photosynthesis) of the three submerged macrophytes and bicarbonate enrichment increased the effect of eutrophication on two dissected-leaf macrophytes (M. spicatum and E. nuttallii). Furthermore, our results also suggest that species-specific photosynthetic performances occurred when submerged macrophytes in an environment with high abundance of phytoplankton/epiphyton. This study highlighted that increase in nutrient loading and bicarbonate in water column is likely to interactively impact both abiotic and biotic properties of a freshwater ecosystem. The interactions of these two factors could select macrophyte species that are able to resist the shading from phytoplankton/epiphyton, making these species more dominant in natural freshwater ecosystems.     

流域环境系统演化概念模型:山-河-湖-海互动及对全球变化的敏感响应--以长江为例

流域是一个复杂的环境系统。长江流域环境研究表明,山-河-湖-海互动是流域环境系统变化的实质,同时也是流域对全球变化响应最敏感、最直接的体现。地貌过程变化,水、沙等物理通量变化,C、P、N等化学通量变化是系统内各子系统之间联系的纽带,也是流域环境系统中最活跃的因子。以山-河-湖-海互动为核心的流域环境系统模型,主要包括：山、河、湖、海各系统之间的能量流与物质流的输入、迁移和输出理论,系统演化平衡理论和系统自组织、自反馈理论。     

ANAMMOX与反硝化协同作用及氮素负荷研究

向成功启动并稳定运行630 d后的UASB生物膜反应器系统连续添加有机物,分析其对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮效果的影响,并进行氮素浓度负荷试验.在厌氧氨氧化反应器系统中连续投加有机COD(葡萄糖),系统运行稳定,有机COD(葡萄糖)存在对系统去除氮素能力影响不大,有机COD去除率达到92.0%,仅用23 d,在同一反应器系统中成功实现了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同作用脱氮.氮素浓度负荷试验阶段,进水氨氮(NH 4-N)、亚硝氮(NO-2-N)以及总氮(TN)浓度负荷分别从0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.126 kg/(m3·d)提升到了0.239 kg/(m3·d)、0.315 kg/(m3·d)和0.554 kg/(m3·d),相应去除率分别为84.0%、93.0%和85.0%,厌氧氨氧化工艺的UASB生物膜反应器对氮素浓度负荷仍有很大提升空间.     

成矿流体地球化学界面:Ⅱ组成及标志

本文主要介绍了地球化学界面的三个组成部分 (环境条件突变界面、流体性质演化界面、流体 -环境作用界面 ) ,地球化学界面的标志及识别方法     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

基于响应曲面法的环境因素对生活污水三维荧光光谱的影响

采用响应曲面法（RSM）研究温度（10~35℃）、pH（3~11）、稀释倍数（1~10）及交互作用对生活污水溶解性有机物（DOM）三维荧光光谱特性的影响规律。研究表明：生活污水DOM主要含有类色氨酸蛋白质、类酪氨酸蛋白质和类富里酸荧光峰;响应曲面分析表明,温度、pH、稀释倍数其交互作用对于类色氨酸蛋白质荧光强度的影响强弱顺序为：稀释倍数 > pH > 温度、pH-稀释倍数 > 温度-pH > 温度-稀释倍数,其中温度-pH和温度-稀释倍数对其荧光强度的影响为拮抗作用,pH-稀释倍数为协同作用;对于类酪氨酸蛋白质,单因素影响顺序为：pH > 稀释倍数 > 温度,其他情况与类色氨酸蛋白质相似;对于类富里酸,温度、pH、稀释倍数及其交互作用对其影响规律与对类色氨酸蛋白质的相似,但交互作用类型与类色氨酸蛋白质情况相反。