引黄调水对汾河受水区水环境的影响

引黄入晋工程缓解了太原市水短缺问题。然而,近年来上游黄河水出现较严重污染。引黄调水对汾河受水区的影响尚不明确。论文基于连续观测和采样,分析了受水区河水、地下水水文过程、理化性质、主要离子、典型污染物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯以及大肠杆菌的含量和变化。结果表明：受水河流和河岸带地下水受引黄影响十分明显,含盐量和有机物含量显著增加,水环境整体退化;引黄导致汾河雨季高水位而旱季低水位的水文过程反转,且整个水文年内河水以饱和输水的方式补给浅层含水层,水位埋深变浅;汛期河谷发生洪水的风险大大增加;引黄导致汾河水电导率增大两倍左右,且河水由Ca-HCO₃型变为Na-Cl·SO₄型,而溶解有机碳含量增高约26%,UV₂₅₄含量增大约24%;引水暂停期汾河水水化学特征趋于恢复,而河岸带地下水水化学特征未能恢复。长期来看,若引黄调水持续向河谷地下水输入大量Na⁺和Cl^-等,且地下水埋深持续保持在较浅的范围,可能造成土壤盐碱化、植被退化和生态环境恶化等更加严重的后果。     

High Spatial and Temporal Variability of Dry Deposition in a Coastal Region

A real meteorological situation characterized by strong spatial and temporal variability of the meteorological fields in a coastal region of eastern Denmark is examined in view of the transport of a passive tracer and dry deposition. Model simulations using a full mesoscale NWP model (COAMPS^TM) at different horizontal resolutions are performed. A realistic simulation showed that the differences in the amount of dry deposited matter can reach one order of magnitude and larger, during the period of one afternoon, depending on the model horizontal resolution. In addition, the results of an idealized experiment with straight coastline indicate that the horizontal model resolution alone is responsible for most of the differences. This study confirms the importance of high spatial and temporal resolution modelling for environmental applications.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Earlier sex change in infected individuals of the protogynous reef fish<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Thalassoma bifasciatum</Emphasis>

Sex allocation theory for sequential hermaphrodites predicts the size at which an individual should change sex, given the different relationships between individual size and reproductive success in the two sexes. We studied a host-parasite system where the myxozoan Kudoa ovivora infects the ovaries of the reef fish Thalassoma bifasciatum, a protogynous sequential hermaphrodite. The parasite sporulates in the hosts eggs and renders them infertile. It is thus expected to reduce the females reproductive success, and could thereby influence host sex change. We present data from marked fish we observed in the field over 4 months. The data suggest that females infected with Kudoa ovivora have a lower reproductive success, change sex earlier and at a smaller size than uninfected females. These results are in agreement with predictions from sex allocation theory, and provide the first example of a possible parasitic influence on the sex allocation of its host.Communicated by P. Heeb     

中国区域生态效率的时空演变及空间互动特征

现有研究主要关注生态效率的测算,对生态效率的空间互动特征缺乏相应地分析。采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国30个省级行政区2005—2015年生态效率进行测度,并在此基础上利用空间自回归模型考察中国区域生态效率的空间互动特征。结果表明：（1）中国高生态效率区主要分布在沿海发达省份,而低效率区则主要分布在欠发达省份。（2）在全国层面,基于经济权重矩阵得到的空间自回归系数为正且显著,表明区域生态效率存在正向的空间互动效应。（3）分样本估计中,发达和欠发达地区样本的空间自回归系数均大于全样本估计得到的空间自回归系数,故发达和欠发达地区内部的空间互动效应强于发达和欠发达地区之间的空间互动效应,呈现出“群分效应”。     

高吸附量有机聚合物的合成及其对亚甲基蓝吸附性能研究

为开发高效染料吸附剂,以丙烯酸（AA）、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）为单体,N,N''-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（KH570）为偶联剂合成了一种新型有机聚合物（KAA）,并以红外光谱（FTIR）与扫描电镜（SEM）对其进行表征.选用典型阳离子染料亚甲基蓝（MB）为研究对象,研究KAA对MB的吸附动力学、吸附热力学以及溶液pH值和不同阳离子对吸附的影响.结果表明,实验浓度范围内KAA对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量为1558 mg·g^-1,能够在1.5 h内达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准一级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合通用等温模型（a general model）,吸附热力学数据表明吸附过程为自发、放热的熵减过程.KAA对亚甲基蓝的吸附具有较宽的pH适用范围,吸附剂具有良好的pH缓冲能力,阳离子对吸附具有较强的抑制作用,抑制作用大小为Al³⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺.研究表明吸附的主要驱动力为静电作用和π-π相互作用.与其他吸附剂相比,KAA对亚甲基蓝具有超高的吸附量以及酸碱耐受能力,更符合实际应用需求.     

Modeling the probability of freeway lane-changing collision occurrence considering intervehicle interaction

Objective: To better capture the relationships between lane-changing collisions and explanatory variables, a microscopic model is developed for freeway lane-changing collisions based on the interactions between lane-changing vehicles.

Methods: The model applies an intervehicle interaction structure to account for the occurrence mechanism of lane-changing collisions. The occurrence mechanism can be described as the failure of a vehicle driver of an adjacent lane in avoiding the lane-changing vehicle, which disturbs the smooth movement of the adjacent lane vehicle and requires the driver's brake action to avoid an angle collision. This model is examined using data collected from freeways in Washington State during 2010 to 2011 and validated using lane-changing collision data for the SR 520 freeway.

Results: The findings of this study show that generalized truck percentage has a significant decreasing effect on lane-changing collision risk, whereas average spacing and several roadway characteristics have significant increasing effects. The frequency of slight collisions during peak hours is higher than that during off-peak hours. Young female drivers are more likely to be involved in collisions during lane-changing than young male drivers, but the result for senior drivers is opposite, with older male drivers having a higher probability of lane-changing collisions than female drivers in the same age group.

Conclusion: The process of lane-changing collisions is a complicated maneuver. Truck percentage, average spacing, and good roadway characteristics, such as straight and level segment, in the target lane have a significant effect on the occurrence of lane-changing collisions. Age and gender are also 2 important factors contributing to the relationship between lane-changing collisions and explanatory variables.     

When “It depends” amounts to more than simple contingent relationships: Three canonical forms of inversions

Organizational behavior theories can be subject to potential inversions in the nature of the effects expected or described (i.e. an effect inverts from positive to negative or vice versa). Yet, inversions are rarely considered or assessed. We explore three possible canonical inversions: the maximum or minimum point in a quadratic regression model, the point of intersection in disordinal interactions, and the change of slope in a moderated regression model. We describe both the motivation for, and the theoretical and empirical importance of, considering such inversions in theory‐building and testing. We consider common situations in which inversions are misinterpreted empirically and present methods to conduct explorations for potential inversions. Two different cases of errors concerning inversions can occur. In the first case entailing omission, an inversion is occurring but is not observed in the sample. In the second case, researchers wrongly assume an inversion is occurring in their model, yet the prospective inversion would actually occur out of the range of possible values on the focal variable(s), and is thus not significant. We illustrate different types of inversions using simulated examples. Ultimately, we seek to encourage and equip management researchers to identify important theoretical boundary conditions imposed by inversions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation that counts: A review of climate change adaptation indicators & metrics using lessons from effective evaluation and science-practice interaction

Amid growing effort to move towards implementation of climate change adaptation, serious interest is emerging about how to use indicators and metrics (I&M) to evaluate adaptation success. Cities are among the leading experimenters developing I&M, but many other entities also view I&M as a tool for providing clarity and accountability about the goals and progress of adaptation. The current landscape of this work is scattered: I&M examples, frameworks, and guidance documents reflect motivations, contexts, and approaches as diverse as the field of adaptation itself. This study systematically surveys the “growth industry” of I&M, including a special focus on I&M approaches developed for cities anywhere and by US cities in particular. We classify these I&M efforts into four domains: those developed in academia, by program sponsors, boundary organizations, and on-the-ground implementers. With attention to theory on (program) evaluation and on science-practice interaction, we reveal a broad range of I&M evaluation purposes and collaboration practices. We conclude that evaluation of adaptation progress and effectiveness – if it is to usefully inform the work of cities or other implementers – would benefit from greater attention to the best practices and guidance offered in the related, but largely still separate, fields of evaluation and science-practice interaction.     

The nature and frequency of social interactions among free-living prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Hypotheses relating the behavior of voles to their population cycles often assume that the rate of social interaction increases with population density. To test this assumption, we examined the frequency of social interactions in a population of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) over a 7-year period. In addition, we characterized space use by resident animals, patterns of visitation by nonresidents to nests, and participants in social interactions. Social groups within the population typically displayed little overlap in their use of space, even at high population densities. Nevertheless, nonresidents, particularly wandering males, were captured as visitors at nests. The number of visits per social group did not increase in a simple linear manner with population density and was particularly variable when there were fewer than 100 animals/ha. At such times, more single females and fewer pairs received visits from males than expected based on the frequency of occurrence of these groups in the population; a similar pattern was noted during periods of high population density (≥100 animals/ha) but the comparisons failed to reach statistical significance. Furthermore, at high population density, more communal groups received visits from females than expected. Patterns of visitation to communal groups were influenced by the number of adult male residents (winter only), but not by the number of adult female residents or presence of philopatric female offspring. These data indicate that the frequency of social contact in prairie voles does not increase linearly with population density and is influenced by the spacing and possible mate-guarding behavior of resident animals. Received: 7 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 16 May 1998