广西典型岩溶水系统环境中222Rn的分布及指示意义

放射性同位素氡222是来源于地层中铀衰变生成的惰性元素.由于其半衰期只有3.82d，且其活度在地下水和地表水中差异显著，近年来氡在水文学中的应用日渐兴起.但²²²Rn在岩溶环境中的分布和行为特征少有研究.以广西三个典型岩溶水系统为例，研究²²²Rn在包气带、非饱和带和饱水带中的浓度分布和指示意义.发现²²²Rn在上部包气带中的活度不足500Bq/m³，但在非饱和带中有局部异常高区，与局部小地质构造的分布有关.在饱水带中，地下水的滞留时间、不同地下水组分的混合和氡运移的距离等是导致²²²Rn活度差异的原因.管道介质的²²²Rn活度比裂隙介质的高；含水介质土壤覆盖层大的比土壤浅薄的普遍高.在大型岩溶水系统的排泄区，地下水补给河流，河流也可能短暂反补地下水，由于地下水和河流²²²Rn的差异显著，²²²Rn可能成为地下水-地表水相互作用研究的理想示踪剂.     

Biospheric influence on carbon dioxide measurements in Italy

The study concerning carbon dioxide measurements taken during the 1997, 1998 and 1999 summer campaigns at two different altitude stations and biospheric conditions are presented. The higher station (Mt. Cimone, 2165 m a.s.l.) is characterised by 360° free horizon and is located on a rocky mountain while the lower (Ninfa lake, 1550 m a.s.l.) is located inside the red spruce and beech forest. The different behaviour of CO₂ at the two mountain stations has been registered. It shows the strong effect of nighttime soil emission and vegetation respiration on CO₂ mixing ratio increases and of diurnal vegetative activity on CO₂ concentration decreases at the lower measurement site. The baseline character of the higher measurement site has been confirmed by comparison of CO₂ diurnal amplitudes recorded at the two stations.     

常见金属硫化物电化学反应环境效应及其影响因素分析

金属硫化物矿物作为重要的金属矿产资源之一,在自然界广泛分布并易氧化(电化学反应)引起重金属离子和酸性矿山废水污染的环境效应。本文以黄铁矿和黄铜矿为例全面分析了金属硫化物矿物环境效应产生机制,以及影响金属硫化物矿物电化学反应的各种因素,指出了当前研究存在的不足。这对金属硫化物矿区环境污染的源头控制与修复具有重要的指导意义。     

重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水水文地球化学特征

地下热水的水文地球化学特征研究有利于地下热水的开发,对重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水的研究可以更好地实现重庆地下热水的可持续开发。通过2009年1月和2009年7月对重庆市三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水进行野外监测、取样和室内分析,发现重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水水化学性质相近,pH呈中性,水温30℃~50℃,电导率为1 320 μs/cm~3 250 μs/cm,水化学类型为SO₄-Ca(Mg)型,是典型的碳酸盐岩热储中-低温地下热水。温泉水的主要阳离子为Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,阴离子为SO₄^2-和HCO₃^-,除青木关温泉外,SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺随时空变化较小,体现了碳酸盐岩中石膏与地下热水的水-岩作用对地下热水水文地球化学特征的控制。热水中的方解石和白云石都处于饱和与不饱和的临界状态,没有明显钙华沉积的现象;Na-K-Mg-Ca图解显示各个季节地下热水的物质来源基本一致,均没有达到水岩平衡状态。     

营养物质对铜绿微囊藻生长和藻际细菌的影响

菌-藻"体系在水生态平衡中发挥重要作用,为探明蓝藻水华时期的菌藻关系,研究了原位营养刺激后藻际微生物对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果表明,LB培养基可抑制铜绿微囊藻生长,抑藻率为86.49%;而乙酸钠、葡萄糖和柠檬酸钠可促进藻细胞生长,增长率均在50%以上.对LB培养基和蛋白胨刺激后的藻际细菌进行溶藻菌的筛选,共分离出6株具有强效抑藻作用的菌株,其中Bacillus sp.A1抑藻率高达97.55%.16S rRNA高通量测序表明,向铜绿微囊藻中投加营养物质均可改变藻际细菌群落结构并增加物种丰富度,添加LB培养基和蛋白胨可促使藻际细菌群落数量剧增.生理生化响应表明,藻细胞受LB培养基和蛋白胨胁迫后,活性氧（ROS）水平和丙二醛（MDA）含量激增,细胞氧化损伤严重;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先急剧上升后下降,抗氧化酶系统受损.扫描电镜显示,LB培养基可使藻细胞逐渐萎缩,最终破碎;而藻际细菌显著增多.因此,在蓝藻水华暴发的水体进行适当的外部营养刺激可在一定程度上实现溶藻菌原位抑藻.     

基于吸附质-分子探针的新型交联壳聚糖的吸附特性

研究了CCTS对低浓度游离酸的吸附特性,基于吸附质-分子探针电位法,考察了吸附剂活性中心数目、游离酸种类和温度对吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在30℃时,CCTS吸附游离酸的过程,遵循单分子层机理进行吸附。吸附剂―吸附质相互作用能U制约表观吸附速率常数K,K、U大小分别为2.519×10-2,4.084×10-2,9.398×10-2L/min和7.264,7.420,7.926 kJ/mol,两者存在线性相关性,呈逐渐增大趋势。K、U大小随着活性中心数目G的增加而增大。CCTS吸附游离酸为吸热过程,吸附表观活化能Ea为33.98 kJ/mol。3种类型游离酸K、U的大小顺序为:HClO4>HNO3>H2SO4,吸附分维数Dw分别为1.384、1.567、1.911,Dw值越大,导致表观吸附速率常数降低。     

蜈蚣草中芘与砷的赋存特征及其相互作用

超富集植物蜈蚣草能够累积土壤环境中的砷,为探明蜈蚣草植株中芘的赋存特征及其与砷的相互作用,采用双光子激光共聚焦扫描显微技术检测观察芘在该植物中赋存和分布规律.结果表明,添加芘导致蜈蚣草各部位砷含量显著降低,其中叶部和茎部砷含量下降幅度达35%左右,根部砷含量减少20.5%.芘的添加使得植物各部位三价砷比例下降,五价砷比例升高,蜈蚣草叶部三价砷和五价砷赋存浓度下降幅度最大,下降幅度分别为42.2%和32.49%.添加砷可促进蜈蚣草根部和茎部中芘的积累,每株分别增加了9.8μg和139 ng,但对叶部中芘的积累无显著影响.芘主要分布于蜈蚣草细胞膜与细胞内部的细胞器膜结构及细胞核核膜附近,但细胞质中芘的含量较少,茎部韧皮部与皮层以及叶部栅栏组织和海绵组织中几乎没有检测到芘.     

基于河岸带地球化学特征的河水-地下水交互边界识别——以广州市流溪河为例

河水-地下水交互作用对河流水质净化、流域水生态健康和河岸土地合理规划具有重要意义.本文以广州市流溪河为研究对象,实时监测河水和河岸带地下水基本理化指标并采集水样和土样进行水体主离子、氮形态、金属离子浓度、氘(δD)氧(δ~(18)O)同位素和土壤渗透系数(K)测试分析.结果表明:监测期间以河水侧向补给地下水为主,对地下水水位的影响范围在距河岸10 m内;距河岸1 m处地下水溶解氧(DO)浓度、电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)变化明显,变异系数(n=7)分别为30.9%、42.0%和44.4%.河水和河岸带地下水水化学类型均为HCO_3-Ca型,受碳酸盐岩风化控制.河水入渗补给地下水初期,河岸带含水层向还原环境转化(ORP平均下降92.25 mV),非饱和带Mn氧化物发生还原性溶解,地下水中Mn~(2+)浓度逐渐增加并达最大值(0.52 mg·L~(-1));基于δD、δ~(18)O和Cl~-浓度的混合模型估算的河水对距河岸5 m处地下水的贡献率分别为10.4%、11.6%和11.5%,表明监测断面河水-地下水交互边界约在距河岸5 m处.     

EVALUATION OF AN INDUCED INFILTRATION MODEL AS APPLIED TO GLACIAL AQUIFER SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Numerical models were used to examine the limitations of the assumptions used in an analytical induced infiltration model. The assumptions tested included negligible streambed effects, negligible areal recharge, two-dimensional ground water flow, fully penetrating rivers and wells, and constant surface water stage. For situations that deviate from the underlying assumptions, the analytical model becomes a less reliable predictor of induced infiltration. The numerical experiments show that streambed effects cannot be neglected if the streambed conductivity is more than one order of magnitude lower than the aquifer hydraulic conductivity. Areal recharge cannot be neglected if the ground water basin receives more than 5 in/yr of areal recharge. Three-dimensional flow effects due to well partial penetration cannot be neglected if the ratio of horizontal hydraulic conductivity to vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_h/K_u) is greater than 10. Surface water elevation fluctuations can significantly influence the induced infiltration rate, depending on the degree of fluctuations and the ground water hydraulic gradient.     

A stochastic-advective transport model for NAPL dissolution and degradation in non-uniform flows in porous media

Remediation schemes for contaminated sites are often evaluated to assess their potential for source zone reduction of mass, or treatment of the contaminant between the source and a control plane (CP) to achieve regulatory limits. In this study, we utilize a stochastic stream tube model to explain the behavior of breakthrough curves (BTCs) across a CP. At the local scale, mass dissolution at the source is combined with an advection model with first-order decay for the dissolved plume. Field-scale averaging is then employed to account for spatial variation in mass within the source zone, and variation in the velocity field. Under the assumption of instantaneous mass transfer from the source to the moving liquid, semi-analytical expressions for the BTC and temporal moments are developed, followed by derivation of expressions for effective velocity, dispersion, and degradation coefficients using the method of moments. It is found that degradation strongly influences the behavior of moments and the effective parameters. While increased heterogeneity in the velocity field results in increased dispersion, degradation causes the center of mass of the plume to shift to earlier times, and reduces the dispersion of the BTC by lowering the concentrations in the tail. Modified definitions of effective parameters are presented for degrading solutes to account for the normalization constant (zeroth moment) that keeps changing with time or distance to the CP. It is shown that anomalous dispersion can result for high degradation rates combined with wide variation in velocity fluctuations. Implications of model results on estimating cleanup times and fulfillment of regulatory limits are discussed. Relating mass removal at the source to flux reductions past a control plane is confounded by many factors. Increased heterogeneity in velocity fields causes mass fluxes past a control plane to persist, however, aggressive remediation between the source and CP can reduce these fluxes.