基于响应曲面法的有效抽采半径多因素交互影响机制研究*

为探究钻孔有效抽采半径的关键影响因素及各因素间交互作用,构建应力应变-瓦斯吸附解吸耦合渗透率变化模型,采用COMSOL软件进行数值模拟,分析单一因素变化对钻孔有效抽采半径的影响,并通过Design-Expert软件设计响应曲面试验,分析多因素交互作用对钻孔有效抽采半径变化的影响机制,获得有效抽采半径对多因素交互影响的响应曲面模型。研究结果表明:不同因素对钻孔有效抽采半径影响的显著性顺序为:煤层初始渗透率、原始瓦斯压力、抽采时间,煤层初始渗透率和抽采时间与有效抽采半径呈正相关关系,原始瓦斯压力与有效抽采半径呈负相关。1个影响因素的变化会影响其他因素对有效抽采半径的影响,煤层初始渗透率能够放大其他因素对有效抽采半径的影响,而原始瓦斯压力则会降低其他因素对有效抽采半径的影响。     

五氯酚对牛血清白蛋白的荧光猝灭作用

用荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱法研究了五氯酚对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的荧光猝灭作用.结果表明,五氯酚可以有规律地使BSA内源荧光猝灭,其猝灭机理可认为是五氯酚与BSA形成复合物的静态猝灭;并获得了不同温度下,五氯酚与BSA作用的结合常数和热力学参数.根据所得结果可推断五氯酚与BSA的作用力为疏水作用力和静电作用力.同时由Forster非辐射能量转移理论计算得出了五氯酚与BSA结合位置的距离.     

DAD IS OUT,POP IS IN1

ABSTRACT: Two major challenges face today's water professionals. The first is finding solutions to increasingly complicated water resources problems. The second challenge is nontechnical. It is effective interaction with the public recognizing both the public's increasingly elevated goals relative to water and the public's growing understanding of water science and technology. The traditional DAD approach, that is, decide-announce-defend, is no longer appropriate. The much more progressive, and inclusive POP approach, that is, public owns project, is more likely to be effective given the changing nature of the public's expectations and knowledge. A water resources planning or design effort that fails to include a public interaction program plans to fail. Described in this paper are three suggested objectives of the POP approach, namely demonstrating awareness, gathering supplemental data and information, and building a base of support. Having established specific objectives for a particular water resources project, appropriate public interaction programs and events must be selected, scheduled, and implemented. Many and varied programs and events are described in the paper.     

声学环境影响评价——大剧院设计声学案例分析

大剧院观众厅是音乐家最后的乐器,音乐效果是由观众厅声学反应出来的。前面演奏者要把声音传播给观众席,再从观众席后排反声回给演奏者,这样的互动是最完美的剧院设计。     

Anaerobic benzene biodegradation by a pure bacterial culture of Bacillus cereus under nitrate reducing conditions

A pure culture using benzene as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated by screening procedure from gasoline contaminated soil. The analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence, morphological and physiological characteristics showed that the isolated strain was a member of genus Bacillus cereus. The biodegradation performance of benzene by B. cereus was evaluated, and the results showed that benzene could be e ciently biodegraded when the initial benzene concentration was below 150 mg/L. The metabolites of anaerobic nitrate-dependent benzene oxidation by strain B. cereus were identified as phenol and benzoate. The results of substrate interaction between binary combinations for benzene, phenol and benzoate showed that the simultaneous presence of benzene stimulated the degradation of benzoate, whereas the addition of benzene inhibited the degradation of phenol. Benzene degradation by B. cereus was enhanced by the addition of phenol and benzoate, the enhanced e ects were more pronounced at higher concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the isolated bacterial culture of B. cereus can e ciently degraded benzene under nitrate reducing conditions.     

微系统人机界面的安全信息流模型构建及其应用

为提高系统安全水平,进一步丰富安全系统学理论内容,对微系统内人机界面的安全信息流过程、模型及其应用进行深入研究。论述安全信息流与人机交互过程理论,为模型构建奠定理论基础;运用安全模型原理,从信息传播角度建立人机界面的安全信息流模型并分析模型的内涵和意义;将所建模型应用于具体情景的仿真模拟,以验证其适用性和合理性。研究结果表明:模型刻画了系统内安全信息流动轨迹,有利于揭示系统安全演化行为机理,对提高系统安全水平具有重要的理论指导意义。     

基于因子交互作用矩阵的采空区危险度评价研究

基于因子交互作用影响矩阵及采空区危险度影响因子分析,选取12个采空区危险度主要影响因子,建立采空区危 险度多因子交互作用矩阵模型。通过专家打分法,确定各影响因子相互作用权值,得到影响矩阵对单一因子的影响值及 单一因子对矩阵系统的影响值,从而得出采空区危险度因子影响权重表。分析影响权重表,得到对采空区影响最大的因 子为矿柱尺寸及分布和岩体断裂及破损带。采用差值法,对采空区危险度进行等级划分,最后得到采空区危险度分级图 。经过实例验证,影响矩阵法分析评价结果与实际吻合,表明采用影响矩阵法评价采空区危险度是可行的,具有实际应用 意义,可在实际矿山工程中应用推广。     

水质条件对膜-羧基官能团之间微观作用力的影响特征

为了探讨pH值、离子强度及膜材料对膜-污染物间相互作用力的影响特征,利用自制的典型膜污染物羧基官能团胶体探针,结合原子力显微镜定量考察了羧基官能团与PVDF及EVOH超滤膜间的相互作用力随pH值及离子强度的变化特征.结果表明:带有羧基基体的污染物与PVDF及EVOH超滤膜之间的相互作用力皆随着pH值的增大而减小;但是上述作用力随着离子强度的增加呈现特殊的变化趋势:在离子强度为0~10mmol/L时,膜-带有羧基基体的污染物之间相互作用力随着离子强度的增加而增大;在离子强度为10~500mmol/L时,膜-羧基之间相互作用力随着离子强度的增大而减小.在特定的水质条件下,EVOH-羧基间的作用力远小于PVDF-羧基之间的作用力.     

黑碳对呼吸系统发病急性影响及气温修正效应研究

为研究黑碳(BC)对呼吸系统急性发病的影响及气温的修正效应,收集北京市2009~2012年264075例呼吸系统急诊病例与同期空气污染物(BC、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂)及气象数据,在划分呼吸道感染部位(上、下呼吸道)与人群年龄的基础上,采用分布-滞后非线性模型与广义相加模型进行建模.首先分别研究BC、气温与发病的(滞后)关联,继而构造二元交互模型探索气温-BC的协同关系,再分层量化BC在不同气温水平的健康影响;并同时纳入气态污染物验证BC结果的稳健性.结果表明,对总呼吸系统、上感、下感而言,气温-发病风险的暴露-响应曲线均近似“V”型,阈值温度分别为24℃、26℃和24℃,且低温的滞后累积影响强于高温.主效应模型揭示BC诱发即时性风险,影响在3d内消失;BC浓度每升高四分位数(IQR),总呼吸系统、上感、下感的超额发病风险(ER)分别为1.97%、2.64%和1.34%.少儿(£14岁)超额发病风险最高(总呼吸系统,3.40%),而老年组(³60岁)结果不甚显著.双污染物模型显示,BC与SO₂共存会放大BC关联风险,尤以上感响应明显;而BC与NO₂共存会适度增强下感风险.BC-气温的非参数二元模型显示,BC升高使发病风险类似对数函数上升,且高温会显著增强BC的健康影响.分层模型得到,每IQR BC在气温高于阈值时导致的下感风险显著高于上感,分别为5.55%、1.27%(P>0.05);而低于阈值时BC所致上、下感风险相当,均在0.55%左右.BC对呼吸系统发病的急性影响与感染部位和气温水平紧密相关,不同年龄段间也体现差异化特征.     

Mitigation translocation as a management tool

Mitigation translocation is a subgroup of conservation translocation, categorized by a crisis-responsive time frame and the immediate goal of relocating individuals threatened with death. However, the relative successes of conservation translocations with longer time frames and broader metapopulation- and ecosystem-level considerations have been used to justify the continued implementation of mitigation translocations without adequate post hoc monitoring to confirm their effectiveness as a conservation tool. Mitigation translocations now outnumber other conservation translocations, and understanding the effectiveness of mitigation translocations is critical given limited global conservation funding especially if the mitigation translocations undermine biodiversity conservation by failing to save individuals. We assessed the effectiveness of mitigation translocations by conducting a quantitative review of the global literature. A total of 59 mitigation translocations were reviewed for their adherence to the adaptive scientific approach expected of other conservation translocations and for the testing of management options to continue improving techniques for the future. We found that mitigation translocations have not achieved their potential as an effective applied science. Most translocations focused predominantly on population establishment- and persistence-level questions, as is often seen in translocations more broadly, and less on metapopulation and ecosystem outcomes. Questions regarding the long-term impacts to the recipient ecosystem (12% of articles) and the carrying capacity of translocation sites (24% of articles) were addressed least often, despite these factors being more likely to influence ultimate success. Less than half (47%) of studies included comparison of different management techniques to facilitate practitioners selecting the most effective management actions for the future. To align mitigation translocations with the relative success of other conservation translocations, it is critical that future mitigation translocations conform to an established experimental approach to improve their effectiveness. Effective mitigation translocations will require significantly greater investment of time, expertise, and resources in the future.