一控双达标的实施与控制管理

以沈阳市为例 ,探讨了一控双达标的实施程序 ,分析了影响和制约一控双达标的主要原因 ,阐述了各因子之间的相互作用关系 ,提出了实现水污染物总量控制目标、污染物达标排放和浑河按功能区实现水质保护目标的控制与管理措施。     

三峡库区沿江堆存垃圾浸泡污染物COD溶出规律研究

三峡库区沿江两岸堆存了大量的生活垃圾，随着三峡工程二期蓄水的I临近，二期水位以下的垃圾必须得到清理。为了科学有效的治理库区的生活垃圾，达到环境效益，社会效益和经济效益三者的最优结合，本文通过浸泡生活垃圾污染负荷浸出理论分析和动态冲刷实验研究，建立了理论模型和实验模型，并且对二者进行了对比分析。结果表明实验和理论模型能较好的反映垃圾污染物的溶出规律，将为三峡库区库底生活垃圾对水环境的影响预测和其清理提供基础和决策依据。     

Environmental quality criteria: Some considerations

The physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment into which chemical contaminants are deposited may influence their chemical speciation, mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. In formulating Water Quality Criteria, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA) considered the modifying effect of abiotic environmental factors on pollutant toxicity in an innovative regulatory approach. Scientific knowledge of the interactions and correlations between pollutant toxicity and abiotic factors remains limited. Recognition of the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment on pollutant toxicity has implications for the eventual formulation of regional, rather than uniform and national, criteria. In addition, in developing Water Quality Criteria that incorporate the effects of pollutants on aquatic life, EPA primarily focused on toxicity to aquatic animals and plants (including unicellular algae). The effects of pollutants on microbe-mediated ecological processes that are necessary for maintaining the state and quality of the ecosphere (such as biogeochemical cyclings, litter decomposition, and mineralization) were not included in the formulation of the Water Quality Criteria. To facilitate the recognition and quantification of adverse effects of pollutants on these ecological processes, the development of a computation, termed the ecological dosage 50% (EcD₅₀) is recommended. Such a formulation could also be applied to setting environmental quality criteria for terrestrial ecosystems.     

Buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulation over urban areas

In the buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulations (BTDAC) that occur over urban areas where the approach means wind speeds are very low (less than turbulent fluctuations and typically < 3 m/sec), the surface temperatures are significantly higher than those in the external rural areas, and the atmosphere above the mixing layer is stably stratified. In this paper, the mechanisms of BTDAC formation are studied through laboratory experiments and modelling, with additional low-level inflow from external rural areas and a divergent outflow in the opposite direction in the upper part of the mixed layer. Strong turbulent plumes in the central region mix the flow between lower and higher levels up to the inversion height. There are shear-driven turbulent eddies and weaker buoyant plumes around the periphery of the urban area. As the approach flow is very weak, the recirculating streamlines within the dome restrict the ventilation, and the dispersion of pollution emitted from sources below the inversion height leading to a rise in the mean concentration. Low-level air entrained from rural areas can, however, improve ventilation and lower this concentration. This trend can also be improved if the recirculating structure of the BTDAC flow pattern over urban areas breaks down as a result of the surface temperature distribution not being symmetrical, or as the approach wind speed increases to a level comparable with the mean velocity of circulation, or (except near the equator) the urban area is large enough that the Coriolis acceleration is significant.     

基于C4ISRE系统的核电站大气核污染扩散轨迹系统仿真研究

为了在核污染事故处理时提供精细化预警,以辽宁省某核电站周边部分重要目标（大衣屯、大周屯、红沿河镇、驼山乡、西杨乡、复大线应急撤离线路）为研究对象,将环境保护指挥自动化系统C4ISRE（Command,Control,Communications,Computer,Intelligence,Surveillance,Reconnaissance,Environmental Impact Assessment）与HYSPLIT 4.9模型相耦合,采用NCEP（美国国家环境预报中心）的FNL全球气象数据对核污染扩散轨迹进行仿真研究.结果表明:自模拟初始时间2014-04-01T00:00:00.00开始,进、出大衣屯边界时间分别为00:06:16.560、00:06:49.000,历时31.340 s;由西向东横穿过大周屯,进、出时间分别为于00:06:16.56到达大衣屯北部边界,于00:06:46.90扩散出大衣屯边界,经过大衣屯区域耗时共计29.00 s;核污染气团于00:15:30.85到达大周屯上空500 m处,由西向东横穿过大周屯,于00:15:46.05离开大周屯上空,过程耗时15.20 s;核污染气团于00:32:14.25经过重要应急撤离线路2（复大线）,全程耗时32 min 14.25 s.核污染气团与从2014-04-01T00:00:00.000进入红沿河镇上空500 m区域,于00:24:27.00扩散出,全程历时24 min 27.00 s;进、出驼山乡上空500 m区域的时间分别为00:24:28、00:51:00,历时26 min 32.00 s;进、出西杨乡上空的时间分别为00:51:01、01:05:4.70,历时14 min 37.00 s;重点区域大衣屯和大周屯行政区的预警时间分别为376.56、930.85 s,重点撤离线路2区域预警时间为1934.25 s.      

胶州湾入海污染物目标总量控制研究

根据对胶州湾水质的实际调查结果,确定DIN,COD为胶州湾的主要污染因子。对胶州湾陆源污染物现状入海量进行调查,并以2008年为基准年,以COD,NH3-N为预测因子,预测2010年胶州湾各排污单元污染物增加情况。提出基于现实、分阶段实行目标总量控制的总量分配原则,根据国家和山东省给青岛市下达的总量控制指标和2008年青岛主要污染物实际排放情况,确定2010年胶州湾COD排放总量控制目标为34675t,NH3-N入海通量总量控制目标为6943t,并对各排污单元的排放总量控制目标值进行了分配。     

环糊精在有机污染土壤生物修复中的应用

环糊精可通过形成可溶性包合物的形式,使有机污染物生物利用度得到显著提高,从而使有机污染土壤生物修复过程能够顺利进行。生物利用度是影响有机污染土壤生物修复效率的主要因素之一。由于多数有机污染物水溶性差,并且具有较强的毒性,因此常集中于水相的微生物对其降解作用十分缓慢。     

上海市“十一五”COD总量控制核查方法探讨

通过对上海市水环境主要污染物总量的分析,从政府管理角度,探讨“十一五”上海市水环境主要污染物总量控制核查方法。主要从污水收集管网建设和污水处理厂建设及运行、重点污染源监管、水环境质量改善三方面入手,通过计划申报、日常监控、实时预警来保证总量控制目标完成,并探讨了核查职责体系和信息发布程序及内容。     

关于我国环境质量标准及其应用的有关问题探讨

重点从我国环境标准的环境质量标准与环境质量基准、环境质量标准和污染物排放标准的关系两个方面进行初步探讨,对当前我国缺少环境质量基准标准,不能满足环境管理要求的状况进行了分析。同时,对环境标准自身建设及其实施应用提出相应的建议和对策。     

增强执法力度,严惩违法行为——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

为了推进环境治理体系建设和实现治理能力现代化,加大全国水环境保护工作开展的力度,国务院颁布了水污染防治纲领性文件《水污染防治行动计划》,其中第六条"严格环境执法监管"第十八款"加大执法力度"以十八届四中全会提出的"依法治国"及新《环保法》为基础,针对环境监管、加强执法等提出排污企业的"红黄牌"管理制度、逐级环境监督执法机制建设及严厉打击环境违法行为等具体措施,以铁腕治污,推进环境执法力度,全面打响水污染防治"攻坚战"。