Evaluation of the temporal variations of air quality in Taipei City, Taiwan, from 1994 to 2003

Data collected from the five air-quality monitoring stations established by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration in Taipei City from 1994 to 2003 are analyzed to assess the temporal variations of air quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted to convert the original measuring pollutants into fewer independent components through linear combinations while still retaining the majority of the variance of the original data set. Two principal components (PCs) are retained together explaining 82.73% of the total variance. PC1, which represents primary pollutants such as CO, NO(x), and SO(2), shows an obvious decrease over the last 10 years. PC2, which represents secondary pollutants such as ozone, displays a yearly increase over the time period when a reduction of primary pollutants is obvious. In order to track down the control measures put forth by the authorities, 47 days of high PM(10) concentrations caused by transboundary transport have been eliminated in analyzing the long-term trend of PM(10) in Taipei City. The temporal variations over the past 10 years show that the moderate peak in O(3) demonstrates a significant upward trend even when the local primary pollutants have been well under control. Monthly variations of PC scores demonstrate that primary pollution is significant from January to April, while ozone increases from April to August. The results of the yearly variations of PC scores show that PM(10) has gradually shifted from a strong correlation with PC1 during the early years to become more related to PC2 in recent years. This implies that after a reduction of primary pollutants, the proportion of secondary aerosols in PM(10) may increase. Thus, reducing the precursor concentrations of secondary aerosols will be an effective way to lower PM(10) concentrations.     

排污总量控制的最优化原则探讨

从环境经济学的最优化原则出发，对上海市推行的排污总量控制，超量排污罚款和对允许排放量限度内的排污征收生态环境补偿费进行了论述。根据最优化原则，污染物排放总量应该设置在最佳污染物排放量点，并且不同的河段应该设置相应的允许排放量；单位超量排污罚款价格不可过低，并且应该随着超量排污的增长而增加，以一个合适的费率征收生态环境补偿费会促使企业不断改进它的污染物治理技术，从而减少对水体的污染。因此，这三才是将     

Experimental and numerical study of the dispersion of motor vehicle pollutants under idle condition

The aim of the work presented here is to study experimentally and numerically the dispersion characteristics of vehicular exhaust plume at an idle condition in an idealized and simplified environment. The gaseous and particulate concentrations in the exhaust plume of three idling motor vehicles were measured in an isolated environment under calm weather conditions. Despite the difference in the initial concentrations, the pollutants decayed exponentially in all directions.The CFD code PHOENICS 3.3, with the k–ε eddy dissipation sub-model, was used for the numerical simulation. The simulated results match very well with the experimental results close to the source of emission but decay to the ambient concentrations much slower. The effects of the initial emission concentration, exit velocity, exit direction and crosswind intensity have been investigated parametrically. The initial pollutant concentration will increase the local concentrations but the pattern of dispersion remains the same. The exit velocity will increase the momentum of the jet, resulting in a deeper penetration downstream. The exit angle has a stronger influence on pollutant dispersion than both initial pollutant concentration and exit velocity. When the exit angle is 15°, the pollutants tend to spread on the ground region. Crosswind shows a significant effect on the dispersion of the exhaust plume also. It will divert the plume to disperse in the same direction of the wind with limited penetration in the downstream direction.     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.     

Ozone patterns for three metropolitan statistical areas in North Carolina, USA

As part of an effort by the state of North Carolina to develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) for 1-h peak ozone control, a network of ozone stations was established to monitor surface ozone concentrations across the state. Between 19 and 23 ozone stations made continuous surface measurements between 1993 and 1995 surrounding three major metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs): Raleigh/Durham (RDU), Charlotte/Mecklenburg (CLT), and Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem (GSO). Statistical averages of the meteorological and ozone data were performed at each Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) to study trends and/or relationships on high ozone days (days in which one of the MSA sites measured an hourly ozone concentration90.0 ppbv). County emission maps of precursor gases, wind roses, total area averages of ozone, total downwind averages of ozone deviations, upwind averages of ozone, and a modified delta ozone analysis were all obtained and analyzed. The results of this study show a reduction in the delta ozone relative to an earlier study at RDU, but no average significant change at CLT (no comparison can be made for GSO). The statistical data analyses in this study are used to quantify the importance of local contributions and regional transport, to ozone air pollution in the MSAs.     

煤气发生站洗冷废水治理研究

研究了以活性炭作为吸附剂处理煤气发生站废水工艺，并摸索出一整套的工艺参数。实验结果表明，采用活性炭吸附工艺使出水水质得到明显改观，硫化物、氰化物和挥发酚的去除效率均达９０％以上，对ＣＯＤｃｒ、氨氮的去除也收到了明显的效果。     

铜川市空气质量变化及重度污染的气象条件

利用2014年铜川市空气质量指数(AQI)、常规气象资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,分析2014年铜川市AQI与首要污染物的时间分布,并探讨典型重污染时段的气象条件。结果表明:夏季AQI小于全年均值,首要污染物以臭氧为主,秋冬AQI较高,首要污染物以PM为主。2月的环流条件不利于污染物的扩散,500 hpa位势高度与AQI的变2.5化存在一定相关性,高空条件是2月持续污染的一个重要原因。春节和元宵节期间AQI均达到重度污染等级,对此间出现的连续性空气重度污染的气象条件分析得出,在高空稳定的平直纬向西风,配合地面的弱低压这一天气形势下,相对稳定的大气层结和持续较强逆温使得污染物难以扩散进而堆积,是持续数日重度污染的重要原因。     

入世十年我国对外贸易的宏观环境影响研究

入世十年来,我国对外贸易迅猛发展,贸易价值量取得巨大顺差,但其背后却孕育着巨大的资源环境逆差。本文通过建立贸易的环境核算方法,运用我国"能源-经济-环境"投入-产出及CGE模型分析了2002、2005、2007年的投入产出表,对进出口产品虚拟污染物进行定量核算,衡量入世十年我国对外贸易的宏观环境影响。研究表明,入世十年来,我国净出口产品虚拟SO2排放约占全国排放总量的1/4;净出口产品虚拟CO2排放占全国排放总量超过30%;净出口产品COD排放占全国排放总量的20%以上。在不采取其他措施的情况下,我国在未来20年仍将处于巨大的贸易环境逆差之中。     

包头市大气氟化物总量控制排放许可证研究

总结了包头市实施大气排污许可证制度试点中,关于氟化物总量控制许可值的确定方法,主要包括源强的确定、大气扩散模式筛选与验证、总量控制区划定与执行标准、控制点选择、污染源贡献率和削减量计算、许可值的优化分配。      

实施排污许可证制度的经济手段──环境补偿在太原市的实行

具备了实行环境补偿的法律依据和技术支持体系之后,在搞了三个大气环境补偿试点实践的基础上,结合太原市实施排放大气污染物许可证制度试点工作的需要,又进行了一段时间和一定范围的大气环境补偿试点工作,证明了大气环境补偿是实施大气排污许可证制度的一项有效的经济手段。