Modelling and assessing inter-regional trade of CO2 emission reduction units

A cost-efficient way to allocate carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission reductions among countries or regions is to harmonise their marginal reduction costs. This could be achieved by a market of emission reduction units (ERUs). To model such a market, we use a multi-regional MARKAL-MACRO model. It gives insights into the consequences of co-ordinating CO₂ abatement on regional energy systems and economies. As a numerical application, we assess the establishment of a market of ERUs among three European countries for curbing their CO₂ emissions.     

Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Emissions in a Petroleum Refinery

In a petroleum refinery the hydrocarbon emissions which are mostly fugitive in nature are emitted from process, offsites and periodic accidental releases such as: materials storage & handling, process, equipment leaks, solvent evaporation, combustion sources, waste treatment etc. In India, the monitoring of such emissions in a refinery are limited as also the standards are not set for its limit in ambient air. Hence there is an urgent need for generating a database for such emissions. Recently in India, MoEF/CPCB has set some guidelines under CREP rules for monitoring such emissions in a refinery. A detailed monitoring of the hydrocarbon emissions from different sources in a typical 10.5 MMTPA Indian refinery is undertaken during 1999–2001 and the results are presented. It is observed that the storage tank emissions alongwith process leaks form the major contributor towards fugitive hydrocarbon emissions.     

Project of an Air Quality Monitoring Network for Industrial Site in Italy

In this paper results concerning project of an atmospheric monitoring network applied to an area of south of Italy carried out using chemical measurement campaigns (for traffic emissions characterisation couple with diffusional simulation of industrial pollutant emissions will be presented. The area selected is characterised by an high concentration of high environmental impacting industrial activities, with also high concentration of urban settlement and vehicular traffic. A comprehensive definition of all the monitoring system to be installed in order to have a correct monitoring system for the all province will be described and discussed.     

Influence of cetane improvers on the air quality in an urban street canyon

The concentration distributions of NO_x, PM, HC and CO in an urban street canyon have been estimated using a two-dimensional air quality numerical model based on the k– turbulent model and the atmospheric convection diffusion equation when various cetane improvers were used in diesel fuels. A wind vortex can be found within the street canyon, and the pollutants emitted from the bottom of the street canyon tend to follow the course of the wind field, moving circularly. The addition of cetane improvers can improve the air quality in a street canyon, all of the pollutants were found to decrease with increasing centane number.     

Analysis and prediction of the influence of energy utilization on air quality in Beijing

This work evaluates the influence of energy consumption on the future air quality in Beijing, using 2000 as the base year and 2008 as the target year. It establishes the emission inventory of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO_x related to energy utilization in eight areas of Beijing. The air quality model was adopted to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of each pollutant concentration in the eight urban areas. Their emission, concentration distribution, and sectoral share responsibility rate were analyzed, and air quality in 2008 was predicted. The industrial sector contributed above 40% of primary PM₁₀ and SO₂ resulting from energy consumption, while vehicles accounted for about 65% of NO_x. According to the current policy and development trend, air quality in the eight urban areas could become better in 2008 when the average concentrations of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ related to energy utilization at each monitored site are predicted to be about 25, 50 and 51 μg/m³, respectively. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(6): 746–750 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

2000年广西壮族自治区酸沉降预测

以我国酸沉降敏感区——“湘桂走廊”作为控制域,预测广西壮族自治区2000年酸沉降趋势.采用弹性系数法和趋势外推法预测了2000年原煤消耗量与SO_2排放量.并用区域模式与局地模式相叠加的方法预测了不削减方案下2000年“湘桂走廊”的SO_2浓度及硫沉降趋势.用趋势外推法估算出2000年降水pH值.     

珠江三角洲二氧化碳源汇演变特征及驱动因素

随着经济与人口快速增长，珠江三角洲（珠三角）地区是我国碳中和压力最大的区域之一.通过建立珠三角地区二氧化碳（CO₂）源汇历史趋势清单，分析碳排放与碳汇的历史演变特征，并基于指数分解法识别了影响珠三角碳源汇的关键驱动因素.结果表明：① 2006~2020年珠三角碳排放总量从2.18亿t上升至3.66亿t，呈现出波动上升的演变特征，总体上升了67.86%，尚未实现碳达峰；② 2006~2020年珠三角绿地碳汇总量从1567.26万t下降至1552.59万t，呈现出波动下降的趋势特征，总体下降了0.94%，碳汇量远低于碳排放量，距离碳中和仍有很大缺口；③珠三角碳源主要来源于能源部门（40.38%）和工业部门（26.33%），碳汇主要来源于林地（67.92%）和耕地（18.09%）；④"十一五"至"十三五"期间，碳源的主要正向驱动因素是经济增长和人口规模，主要负向驱动因素是能源强度（单位GDP的能源使用量），但"十三五"以来，降低能源强度可以释放的CO₂减排潜力正在减弱，未来需要挖掘能源、工业和交通等方面结构调整的负向驱动潜力；⑤"十一五"至"十三五"期间，碳汇的主要正向驱动因素是绿地规模，源于"十一五"期间城市绿地面积增加，主要负向驱动因素是碳汇系数，源于自然灾害导致的水稻等高碳汇系数作物减产，未来绿地增汇需重视绿地结构调整.研究可为珠三角制定降碳增汇政策提供科学支撑.     

Energy and Carbon Embodied in the International Trade of Brazil

Shifting the economicstructure of a country towardsenergy-intensive industries may lead tosignificant effect on the environment. Oneof the major environmental impactsassociated to such changes is the increaseof the Carbon Dioxide emissions – the mainfactor behind the greenhouse effect. In thelast decades, structural changes in theBrazilian economy were close related tochanges in the country's tradespecialization. This paper analyzes to whatextent energy use and its associatedCO₂ emissions of Brazil in the 90's maybe overloaded by changes in the country'strade specialization towards a moreenergy-intensive mix. This study finds thatBrazil exported, in net terms, significantamounts of energy and carbon (C) embodied ingoods traded with the rest of the world inthe 90's. In fact, some 6.6% of the finalenergy used by the industrial sector andaround 7.1% of its C emissions areprompted by international trade. Byoverloading the country's energy use andits associated environmental damage (bothlocal and global), this situation seems tocontribute to increase not only local butalso global environmental damage, sinceC leakage from non-Annex I countriesdue to international trade may lead tohigher C concentration in theatmosphere.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

以SO2排放控制和排污权交易为例分析中国环境执政能力

从中国SO2污染控制政策的演变,以及近年来政府大力推动的排污权交易这一污染控制经济手段试点入手,全面揭示中国环境管理中存在的问题,并从中国政策过程特点以及环境管理的政府治理结构2个角度阐释问题根源.揭示的主要环境问题包括政策的可操作性、政策间的协调性差,政策相互冲突以及政策本身缺乏科学性的论证等问题.中国自上而下的政策过程以及利用后发优势学习引用其他国家经济的政策演变特点是造成这些问题的政策原因,而中央与地方之间关系、政府部门之间、国家环境保护总局内部机构安排等方面存在的问题则是这些问题的政府治理结构根源.最后,从短期、最大可行性角度出发,以国家环境保护总局的建设为主线提出解决问题的建议,强化国家环境保护总局政策制定、协调监督以及执法监管三方面的职能与能力建设.