机翼前缘抗鸟撞设计中的结构选型研究

目的通过仿真及试验对比六种机翼前缘构型,为机翼前缘发图选型提供参考。方法以某型飞机机翼前缘结构选型设计为例,对其抗鸟撞性能进行分析。通过对比复材蒙皮蜂窝结构、复材蒙皮蜂窝加吸能板结构以及纯金属结构等不同结构形式的质量变化及抗鸟撞吸能特性,发现纯金属结构前缘抗鸟撞性能具有优势。结果试验数据与仿真计算结果谱型一致,试验曲线应变峰值为0.0108,仿真结果应变峰值为0.0103,两者相差仅5%。结论仿真计算有效,且符合预期要求。     

Toward a Management Framework for Networks of Protected Areas in the Face of Climate Change

Abstract: Networks of sites of high importance for conservation of biological diversity are a cornerstone of current conservation strategies but are fixed in space and time. As climate change progresses, substantial shifts in species’ ranges may transform the ecological community that can be supported at a given site. Thus, some species in an existing network may not be protected in the future or may be protected only if they can move to sites that in future provide suitable conditions. We developed an approach to determine appropriate climate‐change adaptation strategies for individual sites within a network that was based on projections of future changes in the relative proportions of emigrants (species for which a site becomes climatically unsuitable), colonists (species for which a site becomes climatically suitable), and persistent species (species able to remain within a site despite the climatic change). Our approach also identifies key regions where additions to a network could enhance its future effectiveness. Using the sub‐Saharan African Important Bird Area (IBA) network as a case study, we found that appropriate conservation strategies for individual sites varied widely across sub‐Saharan Africa, and key regions where new sites could help increase network robustness varied in space and time. Although these results highlight the potential difficulties within any planning framework that seeks to address climate‐change adaptation needs, they demonstrate that such planning frameworks are necessary, if current conservation strategies are to be adapted effectively, and feasible, if applied judiciously.     

Organochlorine Residues in Coastal Birds From the Vellar River Watershed Areas,Parangipettai, Southern India

Organochlorine contaminants (HCHs, DDTs and PCBs) in the muscle tissues of 12 bird species collected from Vellar River watershed areas (S. India) were determined. the accumulation pattern of organochlorine residues in birds of different feeding groups for HCHs and PCBs was: scavengers > inland piscivores > coastal piscivores > insectivores. the pattern for DDTs was: coastal piscivores > scavengers > insectivores > inland piscivores. Scavengers accumulated all the three organochlorines to a higher degree than the other groups of birds. Marked variations in the accumulation pattern by different species and individuals of birds to the same and different organochlorine residues were observed. the differences in the accumulation pattern of residues in different species of birds with similar feeding habits could be attributed to different feeding areas and because migrants are exposed to contaminants in different geographical locations. HCH residues were generally found in higher concentrations than DDTs, reflecting increasing use of HCH pesticides since banning of DDT for agriculture. Levels of PCBs were lower than in birds in developed countries. Results are discussed in relation to future pest control and industrialisation in India.     

梅江流域鸟类群落结构及其多样性

采用固定样带法和样点法对梅江流域的鸟类群落进行了研究,共记录到201种,隶属16目49科127属,其中留鸟81种、冬候鸟67种、夏候鸟40种、旅鸟13种,分别占40．1％、33．3％、19．9％、6．7％;古北界种类95种（占47．3％）,东洋界种类64种（占31．8％）,广布型种类42种（占20．9％）;国家I级保护种类1种,国家II级保护种类21种（占10％）;《国际湿地公约》指定种类24种（占12％）,《中澳候鸟保护协议》指定种类22种（占11％）,《中日候鸟保护协议》指定种类76种（占38％）,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）指定种类19种（占9％）,有益的、有重要经济价值的、有重要科学研究价值的物种155种（占77％）。该流域的鸟类群落多样性指数3．7617,均匀度指数0．7093。     

Modelling trade-offs between livestock grazing and wader conservation in a grassland agroecosystem

The objective of this study was to model the trade-offs between ecological and productive performance of a grassland agroecosystem. We developed a dynamic model linking grass dynamics controlled by livestock grazing to stochastic population dynamics of two wader bird species with high conservation value. Bird dynamics were driven by both direct and indirect effects of grazing. Viable control framework was used to predict grazing strategies ensuring production and conservation and to generate the whole trade-off curve between ecological and productive performance. Bird population size was used as an indicator of ecological performance and the total number of grazing days defined productive performance. Model results show that conciliating ecological and productive performance implies a temporal shift in grazing sequences. The best ecological performance was obtained at intermediate levels of productive performance. Without grazing or with too low a grazing intensity, it was not possible to maintain any of the bird populations due to the indirect effects of grazing on habitat quality. However, too high a level of grazing implied fast population decline for both populations due to direct negative effects of grazing on nest survival. Field data on current grazing regimes and grass height showed a low proportion of suitable fields in our case study area. This result indicates an antagonism between direct and indirect effects of grazing on wader birds, implying the need of very specific management of grassland. Our results illustrate the fact that European grasslands are anthropic habitats which are highly dependent on human activity. In such habitats, trade-off curves are not expected to be strictly decreasing or increasing.     

Bird skins in museum collections: are they suitable as indicators of environmental metal load after conservation procedures?

To find out whether modern conservation treatments alter thelevel of metals in feathers, we analysed the content of 10metals in feathers before and after skins were washed withdetergent and treated with Eulan U-33 (a commonly usedpreservative at museums). Feathers of 31 birds of Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, Eagle Owl Bubo bubo, Feral PigeonColumba livia domest. and Common Eider Somateriamollissima were analysed. We found that in most cases metalswere partly washed out of the feathers, but the effects wererelated to species and type of feather. The value of bird skinsas indicators of environmental metal load is therefore affectedby this treatment. It is recommended that the conservationtechniques used at museums should be reconsidered if skins areintended for specimen banking for future reference inenvironmental monitoring schemes and research.     

Impact of seed mixture and mowing on food abundance for farmland birds in set-asides

We studied the impact of seed mixtures (grass-clover, less competitive grass vs. meadow plant mixture) and mowing (annual mowing vs. no mowing) on the abundance of seed and insect food for farmland birds in set-aside in a long-term field experiment. In general, seed food was less affected by the treatments than insect food. The impact of seed mixture on the abundance of seed food was dependent on the study year: the highest level recorded in the first year, followed by a substantial decline in the following years. Mowing increased the biomass of seed food. The impact of treatments on insect food abundance differed between the total amount of insect food, and had significant interactions with year. Different insect groups dominated in each year as well as their response to the treatments. For the total amount, the meadow plant seed mixture appeared to be the most beneficial and a slight positive impact of mowing appeared in the last two years of the experiment. The results suggest that the value of set-asides in providing food differs according to food components and declines with increasing age of the set-aside.     

昆明机场植物多样性及鸟类适宜性评估

鸟撞灾害是威胁航空安全的重要因素之一,其主要原因在于机场生境为鸟类提供了食物、水和庇护场所等多种适宜的生存条件。本文以样方法为主要调查方法,对昆明巫家坝机场的植物群落类型、高度、盖度等进行详细调查,并以植物在群落中的地位、植株高度、为鸟类提供食物的能力等3个方面对植物的鸟类适宜指数进行评估。结果显示机场内现有11种草本植物群落、1种灌木植物群落共12种群落类型;含有植物60种,隶属于20科55属,其中对鸟类有强烈吸引作用的植物有13种。根据机场及其附近区域的生境特点,应严格控制对鸟类有吸引作用种类的种群数量和分布范围,并对此进行了讨论,提出了一系列的鸟类防控综合措施,以达到降低机场对鸟类吸引力的目的。     

“禽流感”的生态安全与经济分析

连续几年的禽流感,给养殖业和国家经济发展带来很大成本和风险。从生态学的角度看,禽流感是一个生态安全问题;从经济学的角度看,是一个生态经济问题;禽流感实际上是在社会经济发展过程中,由生态和经济两大系统共同引发的安全问题。通过生态安全和生态经济的分析,禽流感要求人类在经济发展中考虑生态成本,改善养殖方式,提倡绿色产品,从生态投入和收益的角度来重新审视禽流感。符合生态安全的养殖方式才是最为经济的,对于人类来说,才是最为安全的。     

西洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性及保护对策

采用固定样带法和样点法对湖南西洞庭湖自然保护区的鸟类群落进行了研究,共纪录到217种,隶属16目46科117属,其中冬候鸟113种、旅鸟1种、留鸟60种、夏候鸟43种,分别占5207%、046%、2765%、1982%;古北界种类102种 (占4700 %),东洋界种类 67种 (占3088%),广布型种类 48种 (占2212 %);国家Ⅰ级保护种类4种,国家Ⅱ级保护种类29种。鸟类群落多样性指数和均匀性指数分别为4886 5和0594 9。并分析其湿地鸟类的重要性和稀缺性,提出了相应的保护措施。