外源铅铜镉在长三角和珠三角农业土壤中的转化

选择了我国经济发达地区的长江三角洲和珠江三角洲10个代表性农业土壤，采用室内培养和化学分级方法研究了加入外源铅、铜、镉在土壤中的动态变化及转化趋势，探讨了碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等土壤改良剂对土壤重金属形态的影响。结果表明，随着土壤重金属负荷的提高，土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大，残余态比例下降，有效性提高，对环境威胁增大。当重金属加入最较低时，重金属优先向氧化物结合态、有机质结合态转化；而当加入最较高时，向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例明皿增加。pH和土壤组分对重金属在土壤中的转化有显著的影响，土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd、Cu、Pb的比例递增。加入碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等改良剂可显著地降低土壤中交换态重金属比例，增加其它形态的重金属比例。     

呼伦贝尔草原土壤粘粉粒组分对有机碳和全氮含量的影响

土壤在维持全球碳、氮循环中起着重要的作用。利用土壤粒级分组的方法,分析了呼伦贝尔草原土壤有机碳、全氮、阳离子交换量,并探讨其空间差异与成因。结果表明,(1)在呼伦贝尔草原,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)在不同地质发育的土壤类型中变异较大,而土壤粘粉粒组分中的有机碳(SOCclay-silt)、全氮(TNclay-silt)质量分数变异较小。在土壤表层(0~20cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.24%~3.70%、0.0316~0.3403mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均质量分数分别为3.61%±0.50%、0.3440%±0.0251%。在土壤下层(20~40cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.13%~2.91%、0.0175~0.2511mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均值分别为2.65%±0.63%、0.2622%±0.0923%。(2)土壤有机碳、全氮与土壤粘粉粒比例之间呈显著的正相关,表明土壤粘粉粒比例愈高,土壤有机碳和全氮在土壤中稳定性就愈强。     

用质量作用模型描述重金属离子在土壤中的吸附特点

根据表面化学反应平衡原理，推导出了一个描述液－固吸附的质量作用模型：ｑ＝ｎ·Ｋα·Ｍ·Ｃ＾ｎ／１＋ＫａＣ＾ｎ。上式兼有Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程的特性。Ｋａ是吸附反应的平衡常数；ｎ与覆盖一个表面活性点位的吸附质分子或离子数有关，可用于判断反应机理，并在一定程度上可表示反应的强度；Ｍ则是吸附剂表面的活性点位的总数；吸附容量由Ｍ和ｎ共同决定。将该模型应用于土壤体系，上述参数较好地解释了     

施加电压对铬污染土壤电动修复的影响

试验研究了不同电压条件下电动修复去除效率和单位能耗随施加电压的变化关系,探讨了电动修复经济有效的电压范围.试验选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,配制高岭土中Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量分数为100 mg/kg和500 mg/kg,含水量为50%,试验运行48 h,用乙酸控制阴极pH在4～7之间,施加一系列不同直流电压.试验结果表明,随着施加电压升高,去除效率增大,电压升高到1 V/cm时,去除效率显著升高,2种试验土壤去除效率分别为76.7%和89.8%;同时随着施加电压增加,电能消耗显著增加,与电压呈现线性递增和幂指数递增关系;综合去除效率和单位能耗2种因素,对于试验所研究的土壤,1～1.5 V/cm的电压是较为经济有效的.     

粘土矿物修复重金属污染土壤

简要介绍了我国土壤重金属污染的现状与危害.通过粘土矿物在重金属污染土壤中净化功能的阐述,提出利用粘土矿物修复土壤重金属污染的观点.继而从天然和改性粘土矿物特性,叙述了粘土矿物修复土壤重金属污染的机制与应用进展及其影响因素.最后讨论了粘土矿物在修复土壤重金属污染过程中值得注意的几个问题,并展望了粘土矿物在该领域应用中的发展方向.     

Why geodiversity matters in valuing nature's stage

Geodiversity—the variability of Earth's surface materials, forms, and physical processes—is an integral part of nature and crucial for sustaining ecosystems and their services. It provides the substrates, landform mosaics, and dynamic physical processes for habitat development and maintenance. By determining the heterogeneity of the physical environment in conjunction with climate interactions, geodiversity has a crucial influence on biodiversity across a wide range of scales. From a literature review, we identified the diverse values of geodiversity; examined examples of the dependencies of biodiversity on geodiversity at a site‐specific scale (for geosites <1 km² in area); and evaluated various human‐induced threats to geosites and geodiversity. We found that geosites are important to biodiversity because they often support rare or unique biota adapted to distinctive environmental conditions or create a diversity of microenvironments that enhance species richness. Conservation of geodiversity in the face of a range of threats is critical both for effective management of nature's stage and for its own particular values. This requires approaches to nature conservation that integrate climate, biodiversity, and geodiversity at all spatial scales.     

Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review

The application of bio-char (charcoal or biomass-derived black carbon (C)) to soil is proposed as a novel approach to establish a significant, long-term, sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems. Apart from positive effects in both reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration of greenhouse gases, the production of bio-char and its application to soil will deliver immediate benefits through improved soil fertility and increased crop production. Conversion of biomass C to bio-char C leads to sequestration of about 50% of the initial C compared to the low amounts retained after burning (3%) and biological decomposition (< 10–20% after 5–10 years), therefore yielding more stable soil C than burning or direct land application of biomass. This efficiency of C conversion of biomass to bio-char is highly dependent on the type of feedstock, but is not significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature (within 350–500 ^∘C common for pyrolysis). Existing slash-and-burn systems cause significant degradation of soil and release of greenhouse gases and opportunies may exist to enhance this system by conversion to slash-and-char systems. Our global analysis revealed that up to 12% of the total anthropogenic C emissions by land use change (0.21 Pg C) can be off-set annually in soil, if slash-and-burn is replaced by slash-and-char. Agricultural and forestry wastes such as forest residues, mill residues, field crop residues, or urban wastes add a conservatively estimated 0.16 Pg C yr⁻¹. Biofuel production using modern biomass can produce a bio-char by-product through pyrolysis which results in 30.6 kg C sequestration for each GJ of energy produced. Using published projections of the use of renewable fuels in the year 2100, bio-char sequestration could amount to 5.5–9.5 Pg C yr⁻¹ if this demand for energy was met through pyrolysis, which would exceed current emissions from fossil fuels (5.4 Pg C yr⁻¹). Bio-char soil management systems can deliver tradable C emissions reduction, and C sequestered is easily accountable, and verifiable.     

不同土壤处理对东南景天吸取土壤中锌和镉效率的影响

通过盆栽试验，观察分析东南景天植物在未处理及若干用土壤添加剂处理的土壤介质上生长和累积锌、镉的状况。结果显示：除单独使用沸石粉外，所有土壤处理均有利于土壤改良和东南景天的生长。与对照处理相比，赤泥和城市污泥对东南景天累积锌起促进作用，而施用熟石灰却无助或甚至不利于东南景天累积锌。不过，尽管赤泥和城市污泥对东南景天累积镉的效果比熟石灰好，无论施用赤泥、城市污泥或熟石灰，东南景天植物干物质所含的镉均比对照处理高得多。总的来说，赤泥和城市污泥均为改良土壤、促使东南景天生长和超累积锌、镉的良好添加剂；而熟石灰或沸石粉单独使用则对东南景天超累积锌、镉的作用较小。在试验中，将15g污泥、15g沸石和6g赤泥与1000g土壤混和的T7处理对促使东南景天生长和超累积锌、镉最为有效。研究结果表明，在利用东南景天修复酸性锌、镉污染土壤时，通过加入合适的改良剂，调控土壤pH值和营养供给，可大大提高植物修复重金属污染的效果。     

博罗县下村农场土壤养分概况

本文探讨了博罗县下村农场土壤养分含量概况，为今后长期试验研究提供基本理论依据。分析结果表明：下村场土镶有机质含量低，土壤酸性强，不利于土壤肥力的发挥，土壤全量养分Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量不平衡，速效养分虽然有些较高以至很丰富，但其含量范围大，有相当部分土壤仍很低，所以其供应水平亦很不平衡。而坡地赤红壤则全氮低，全磷不高，全钾则高低差异很大．至于果园土壤（即耕地），养分含量亦很不一致，相差极为悬殊，没有一定的规律性．土壤养分的高低水平，对作物的养分供应起很大的作用。由于下村场土壤养分的不均衡性，在生产管理上，应因地制宜，协调养分含量，以提高施肥效果。根据下村场土壤养分含量的特点，应增施有机肥，改良土壤，并适施石灰以改善土壤酸性，以利于作物的正常生长．     

石灰性土壤环境中缺锌机理的探讨

作者认为石灰性土壤中锌活性较低的原因,是由于碳酸盐导致土壤pH上升,在较高pH条件下氧化铁对锌的强烈固定,造成了大量专性吸附状态的氧化铁结合态锌及部份碳酸盐结合态锌,使交换态的有效锌含量很低,同时还证明:自然的石灰性土壤中,松结有机态锌与碳酸盐结合态是活性锌的直接给源,外源加入的锌仅为松结右机态锌。此外,石灰性土壤中各主要土壤的化学组份对外源锌的固定量高伛顺序为:氧化铁>有机质>粘土矿物>碳酸盐>氧化锰:对土壤中原有锌的固定作用大小依次为:粘土矿物>氧化铁>有机质>氧化锰>碳酸盐。