湖南几种耕地土壤固定态铵释放的动力学研究

通过野外调查取样、室内培养试验与分析测定,研究了湖南省几种母质发育的旱地土壤和稻田土壤固定态铵释放的动力学。结果表明,供试土壤固定态铵的释放非常缓慢。水田土壤培养8周后,旱地土壤培养7周后均未达到最大释放量,其累积释放量随着时间的延长而增加;除开始2d内固定态铵的释放稍快外,整个培养期间土壤固定态铵的释放速率基本保持恒定。其中,土壤“新固定的”固定态铵的释放率远远大于“原有的”固定态铵。在水田土壤条件下,“新固定的”固定态铵经培养8周后,可释放出“新固定的”固定态铵的58.0%~80.8%,而“原有的”固定态铵仅能释放2.4%~8.8%。数学拟合结果表明,一级动力学方程和抛物扩散方程均能很好地拟合供试土壤固定态铵释放的动力学资料,零级方程也有较好的拟合效果,但Elovich方程较差。研究还表明,溶液中的阳离子种类会影响土壤固定态铵的释放,Ca2 的存在较K 更有利于固定态铵的释放。     

Cycling of metals in desert soils: effects of Tamarix nilotica and inundation by lake water

Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe and Mn were measured in soils and in Tamarix nilotica from Wadi Allaqi on the shore of Lake Nasser in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. All of the elements were concentrated in the leaves of Tamarix relative to the stems and roots. Leaf:soil concentration ratios, used as an indicator of metal accumulation in the plant, showed high enrichment factors for Na (67.5), K (63.0) and Mg (35.0); of the trace elements measured, Zn had the highest enrichment factor (7.64). Comparison with other desert species suggested that Tamarix was exceptional only in the accumulation of sodium. Periodic inundation of the soil by Lake Nasser caused dilution and dispersion of the accumulated salts.     

土壤固相不同组分对镉,锌吸持的研究

本文选用三种不同类型的土壤，用连续提取法依次去除土壤固相中碳酸盐（石灰性土壤）、锰、有机质、无定型氧化铁和晶型氧化铁组分，制得分离某一组分或某几个组分后的土壤钙饱和的样品，藉此研究土壤固相各组分对重金属Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响，研究结果表明，不同土壤去除某一组分或多个组分后对Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响是不同的，土壤固相中组分的相互作用可能是其主要原因。     

Impact of urbanisation on soil characteristics

Six forest locations were chosen from urban (U) and semi-urban (SU) zones of Sofia, Bulgaria. Soil profiles characterised for their generic physico-chemical properties: particle size distribution, pH, C-content (%) and N-content (%). From the ratio silt/clay and C/N, significant differences were observed for the Ah horizon in the urban and semi-urban locations. Clay formation appeared to be reduced in this horizon in the urban soils and the C-content is higher in semi-urban soils in comparison with the urban soils. On the base of the results obtained, a reduction of the buffering capability is noted for the topsoil of the urban sites compared to the semi-urban sites.     

不同地区针叶林土壤中活性铝的形态比较

本文研究我国南北某些地区针叶林土壤中活性铝的形态分布,探讨了以羊毛铬菁R为显色剂测定活性铝的流动注射分析方法,并用四种化学浸提液作土壤中活性铝的溶出及形态分离。结果表明:土壤本身的酸度对铝的溶出和形态分布有明显影响。     

Fluctuations of Climatic Conditions, Elemental Cycling and Forest Growth at the Watershed Scale

The relationships between fluctuations in climatic conditions,forest productivity and elemental cycling were studied from 1994 to 1997 in a headwater catchment of the southern Laurentians dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharumMarsh.) growing on podzolic soils. Annual budgets show that H⁺, K, and NO₃ were retained in the watershed whileCa, Mg and Na were lost. The magnitude of the net annual budget for Ca, Mg and Na was correlated to annual variationsin precipitation with the absolute budget value decreasing during dry years. Stemwood (r² = 0.85) and total tree biomass production (r² = 0.99) were correlated with mean annual temperature but fine roots and leaf litter werenot. During the growing season, the pH of the organic horizons(FH) decreased as the volumetric water content of soildecreased. A positive association was also found between airtemperature and H₂O-soluble (r² = 0.88) and PO₄-extractable (r² = 0.99) SO₄ in the upper B horizon. On a multi-year scale, we suspect that the decreasein the storage of inorganic SO₄ in the soil results from the cumulative effects of annual variations in climatic conditions superimposed on the long-term decrease in SO₄deposition from the atmosphere. These soil changes were reflected by a decline in SO₄, Ca and Mg concentrationsin the stream. The generalisation of the observed short-term patterns to longer time scales must be approached with caution. Yet, our results indicate that the associations between climatic variations and the biogeochemistry of the ecosystem occur at different spatial and temporal scales and integrate abroad range of chemical components and ecosystem compartments. This reflects the inherent complexity of natural systems and offers a vast palette of indicators of the response of terrestrial ecosystems to variations in the intensity of environmental factors such as climatic conditions.     

Determination of Endosulfans in Soil/Sediment Samples from Point Mugu, Oxnard, California Using Capillary Gas Chromatography/Mass Selective Detection (GC/MSD)

The extent of contamination by endosulfans in soil samples collected from the Point Mugu watershed near Oxnard, California was determined using capillary gas chromatography/mass selective detection (GC/MSD). The study was designed to detect three organochlorinated pesticides: endosulfan , endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. Thirteen sets of two soil samples each were taken from various sites in the region. Our results show that the endosulfan levels in these soils range from trace amounts to nearly 30 ppm, with endosulfan being the most abundant and endosulfan sulfate the least. Two sites of the study, Hueneme and Revolon and Farm and Revolon, showed high amounts of endosulfans and , with concentrations between 20 and 30 ppm. The majority of the other sites studied in this research produced concentrations of less than 10 ppm for each of the three endosulfans monitored. At five areas in particular, Pleasant Valley and Creek, Laguna and Creek, Etting and Creek, Road and Creek and Hueneme and Creek, less than 2 ppm or only trace amounts of endosulfans , and sulfate were detected.     

A method for assessing generalised nitrogen leaching estimates for agricultural land

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for assessing generalised N leaching estimates from large areas of agricultural land. The system developed was based on calculating a number of N leaching estimates for different typical cropping situations. The estimates were normalised with respect to varying weather conditions and crop production. The different cropping situations were described by setting up a matrix consisting of crucial factors influencing leaching such as soils, crops and climate. Nitrogen leaching was then estimated for a number of combinations of these factors. Calculations were made for three different regions where all the major crops were cultivated on soils with seven different textures and four different organic-N classes and two fertilisation regimes. The three regions are representative of climates and agricultural practices in some of the major agricultural areas in Sweden. The model used was the SOILN model. Leaching of nitrogen from the root zone showed large variations. The range was from 1 to 50 kg ha⁻¹ for different soils and crops when only fertiliser N was applied. Leaching varied both due to different climates and differences in cultivation practices between the regions. Leaching decreased in a south-north gradient. Leaching increased as a result of greater mineralisation when the organic matter content in the soils was increased, leaching was less from soils with a high clay content and was very small for the heavy clay soil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Nitrate leaching in agriculture to upper groundwater in the sandy regions of the Netherlands during the 1992–1995 period

The Dutch National Monitoring Programme for Effectiveness of the Minerals Policy (LMM) was initiated to allow detection of a statutory reduction in nitrate leaching caused by a decreasing N load. The starting point, or baseline, was taken as the nitrate concentration of the upper metre of groundwater sampled on 99 farms in the 1992–1995 period in the sandy areas of the Netherlands, where predominantly grass and maize grow. We found here that a reduction in nitrate leaching of more than 20% in future would almost certainly be detected with the LMM. Detecting downward trends due to decreasing N load will require nitrate concentrations to also be related to soil drainage, precipitation excess leading to groundwater recharge and to location. Furthermore, we found that about 16% of the N load in the Dutch sandy regions was being leached to the upper metre of groundwater in the 1992–1995 period. The critical N load in approximately 1990 for exceeding the EC limit value for nitrate, NO₃, (50 mg L^–1) in the upper metre of groundwater for the mean situation for grassland, maize and arable land in the sandy area was found to be 210 kg ha^–1 a^–1. Because manure management has been altered, the critical load found will be lower than the current critical load .     

铅锌尾矿库土壤和蔬菜重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

研究调查了洛阳市西南部某铅锌尾矿库山林区、生活区、农田区表层土壤和农田区蔬菜中8种重金属含量,采用污染指数、潜在生态危害及健康风险进行评价.结果表明：农田区Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd和As重金属平均含量均高于土壤风险筛选值;蔬菜中重金属平均含量均超过食品污染物限量.各功能区内梅罗综合污染指数（PN）和非致癌总风险指数（HI）依次为农田区 > 3 > 生活区 > 山林区 > 2、农田区 > 1 > 山林区 > 生活区 > 0.5.其中,HI_Pb、HI_Cr、HI_As之和分别占成人、儿童致癌总风险HI的43%、58%.各功能区As对单项非致癌风险（HQ）作用明显,分别占成人HQ、儿童HQ的45%、35%;52%、41%;23%、17%.各功能区致癌风险总指数（TCR）均表现为农田区>山林区>生活区>10^-6.蔬菜中As对HI作用明显,均占对成人HI、儿童HI的贡献相同,均为55%、64%、94%和60%.4种蔬菜中重金属致癌与非致癌风险对居民作用依次为白菜 > 花椰菜 > 萝卜 > 甜菜.因此,尾矿库周边土壤及蔬菜重金属污染对周边生态环境和居民健康生活构成严重威胁.