Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies

The production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased tremendously during recent years due to their antibacterial and physicochemical properties. As a consequence, these particles are released inevitably into the environment, with soil being the main sink of disposal. Soil interactions have an effect on AgNP mobility, transport and bioavailability. To understand AgNP adsorption processes, lab-controlled kinetic studies were performed. Batch tests performed with five different Mediterranean agricultural soils showed that cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity are the main parameters controlling the adsorption processes. The adsorption kinetics of different sized (40, 75, 100 and 200?nm) and coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)) AgNPs indicated that these nanoparticle properties have also an effect on the adsorption processes. To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies. The DIN 38414-S4 extraction method indicated that AgNPs were strongly retained on soils, and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed that silver particles maintained their nanoform, except for 100?nm PEG-AgNPs and 40?nm citrate-coated AgNPs. The DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) leaching test was more effective in extracting silver, but there was no presence of AgNPs in almost all of these leachates.     

污染场地土壤重金属的生物可给性及毒性研究

近年来,生物可给性被用于评估场地土壤污染健康风险,然而不同场地类型重金属生物可给性差别巨大,生物可给态重金属的人体健康危害效应仍然鲜见报道.本研究以浙江温岭某电子拆解厂为研究区,分析比较了5个场地土壤（S1-S5）中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的生物可给性并探究生物可给态重金属对人小肠上皮细胞的毒性效应机制.结果表明,场地土壤Cd和Cu污染较为严重,含量分别为4.84,438.52mg/kg.4种重金属在胃阶段生物可给性范围分别为2.10%~48.28%、4.84%~33.73%、16.04%~42.81%、1.81%~15.71%,小肠阶段为2.05%~36.91%、13.17%~22.23%、10.19%~23.10%、0.60%~2.69%,可见胃阶段的生物可给性低于小肠阶段.对于肠相生物可给态重金属暴露人体肠道上皮细胞后,除样点S4外,细胞活力均显著性下降.此外,样点S3和S5土壤提取液对超氧化物歧化酶活力影响较小,但显著抑制过氧化氢酶活力,并且该样点对DNA产生损伤.通过研究电子拆解厂土壤生物可给性以及其毒性效应,以为我国场地土壤重金属健康风险评估提供科学依据.     

锌冶炼区菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况及风险评价

对黔西北地区某典型锌冶炼区菜地土壤和主要蔬菜进行取样调查,测定了土壤和蔬菜可食用部分Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、As、Ni 6种重金属的含量,采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法评价了土壤和蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,并分别采用潜在生态风险指数（RI）和目标危险系数法（THQ）评价了菜地土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险和蔬菜中重金属对成人和青少年儿童的健康风险.结果表明,该区域菜地土壤已受到重金属的重度污染,且以Cd对综合指数的贡献最大,土壤Cd存在极强生态风险,研究区处于轻微、中等、强和很强的生态风险程度的采样点比例分别为2.0%、14.3%、35.7%和48.0%;在所采集的蔬菜样本中,土豆处于重度污染水平,芸豆处于中度污染水平;复合重金属健康风险指数评价结果表明,食用研究区域蔬菜对成人和青少年儿童健康产生负面影响的可能性很大.     

Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado

In 2007, a 1.5‐year field‐scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post‐application included indole, d‐limonene, p‐cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180‐day‐weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta‐benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre‐application soil were 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta‐sitosterol, beta‐stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p‐cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d‐limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, beta‐sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p‐cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post‐application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.     

Economics of salt‐induced land degradation and restoration

Food security concerns and the scarcity of new productive land have put productivity enhancement of degraded lands back on the political agenda. In such a context, salt‐affected lands are a valuable resource that cannot be neglected nor easily abandoned even with their lower crop yields, especially in areas where significant investments have already been made in irrigation and drainage infrastructure. A review of previous studies shows a very limited number of highly variable estimates of the costs of salt‐induced land degradation combined with methodological and contextual differences. Simple extrapolation suggests that the global annual cost of salt‐induced land degradation in irrigated areas could be US$ 27.3 billion because of lost crop production. We present selected case studies that highlight the potential for economic and environmental benefits of taking action to remediate salt‐affected lands. The findings indicate that it can be cost‐effective to invest in sustainable land management in countries confronting salt‐induced land degradation. Such investments in effective remediation of salt‐affected lands should form part of a broader strategy for food security and be defined in national action plans. This broader strategy is required to ensure the identification and effective removal of barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management, such as perverse subsidies. Whereas reversing salt‐induced land degradation would require several years, interim salinity management strategies could provide a pathway for effective remediation and further showcase the importance of reversing land degradation and the rewards of investing in sustainable land management.     

典型土壤和沉积物中多金属形态分布特征

土壤和沉积物作为地表矿物岩石风化过程的重要产物,对金属元素的地球化学循环起着至关重要的作用。由于土壤和沉积物记录了矿物溶解、吸附、沉淀及生物吸收等综合地质过程的叠加作用,如何准确判定某个单一过程对金属地球化学的影响和贡献仍是当前研究难题。土壤和沉积物中金属的形态分布特征研究可帮助判定元素在地表风化过程中经历的特定过程。本文选择我国广泛分布的五种典型土壤类型(砖红壤、黄棕壤、棕壤、红壤、水稻土)、一种水系沉积物和一个玄武岩自然风化剖面土壤样品,运用改进的BCR形态提取法开展典型金属形态分布特征研究,明确了具有潜在生理毒性的Cr和Pb、代表性过渡金属Ni、Cu、Zn、V、Co以及相关研究较少的碱金属Cs、碱土金属Sr和难溶元素Zr在不同土壤、沉积物中的分布特征,刻画了这些金属在典型砖红壤风化剖面上的连续变化规律,初步判定了不同地质环境金属形态分布不同的控制因素。V、Zr和Sr受自身性质控制,在不同的地质样品中都表现出相似的形态分布,均以残渣态为主,而其他金属则表现出不同的形态分布趋势,其中,Ni、Zn、Cs、Pb和Cu的形态分布受它们的理化特性和外部环境共同影响,Co形态则可能受到锰矿物、TOC含量的影响。研究结果为进一步认识流域金属地球化学行为及其环境效应提供了基础数据。     

不同电导率盐碱土壤固碳潜力

采集内蒙古河套灌区盐碱土壤(电导率EC为0.27mS/cm),利用NaCl调节土壤电导率为(0,10,20,40,80mS/cm),基于稳定碳同位素分析不同电导率土壤添加定量δ¹³C-CO₂后,土壤CO₂吸收量以及土壤难溶性无机碳含量(SIC)-δ¹³C值.结果表明,盐碱土壤能够吸收CO₂,随土壤电导率(EC)升高,土壤CO₂累积吸收量增加, S5(EC=80mS/cm) CO₂累积吸收量比S1(0.27mS/cm)高1.6640mg.土壤SIC含量(R²=0.7080,P<0.05)和土壤可溶性无机碳含量(DIC)(R²=0.6096,P<0.05)与土壤EC显著负相关关系.盐碱土壤吸收CO₂部分固存于土壤无机碳中,外源添加δ¹³C-CO₂,盐碱土壤SIC-δ¹³C值(-5.299‰ ~ -0.8341‰)显著增加.EC为20mS/cm土壤固相保存δ¹³C-CO₂总量最高1.276mg,固存δ¹³C-CO₂总量占土壤吸收¹³CO₂总量比例30.28%最高;EC为80mS/cm固碳量最低为0.2749mg,固存δ¹³C-CO₂总量占土壤吸收¹³CO₂总量比例5.579%.     

我国陆地表层土壤的238Pu水平和溯源分析

基于我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu本底水平数据缺少的问题,分析了采自全国多个地区陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu的比活度.结果表明,我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu比活度很低,范围在0.007~0.045Bq/kg,²³⁸Pu/^239+240Pu活度比范围为0.032~0.041,这些数值均与周边国家和中纬度地区的报道值接近.根据二元模型对我国陆地表层土壤的²³⁸Pu来源进行分析,结果表明我国表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu主要来源于核试验的全球沉降和SNAP-9A的沉降.     

天津市区表层土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC/ECD分析、GC/MS验证的方法测定了天津市区41个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品中84种PCB异构体. 结果表明:w(PCBs)为0.82~8.86 ng/g,平均值为3.56 ng/g,其中工业区>路边绿化带>公园. 7种PCB指示异构体的浓度(以w计)范围为0.08~2.05 ng/g,占总量的22.89%,与w(PCBs)具有较好的相关性(R=0.74,P<0.000 1). 5氯联苯和3氯联苯是主要的异构体,分别占总量的28.30%和22.14%. 浓度位居前10位的异构体分别是PCB31/28、PCB201、PCB6、PCB84、PCB92、PCB101、PCB16/32、PCB89、PCB180和PCB12/13. 主成分分析显示,国产变压器油与电容器油、Aro1242、Aro1248、Aro1254、A30和KC300以及现有工业的排放是天津市区表层土壤中PCBs的主要来源. 关键词:多氯联苯(PCBs); 表层土壤; PCB指示异构体; 异构体      

Regression models for some solute distribution equilibria in the terrestrial environment

Sorption coefficients (K_p) of several organochlorine insecticides (OCs) in volcanic ash silt from Central Java are presented.

Selected experimental and estimated octanol‐water partition coefficient (P) values are used to study log‐log regressions with K_p data collected from the literature (PAHs, chlorophenols, phenylureas, chloro‐s‐triazines, carbamates and organophosphorus insecticides) and those of the OCs determined in the present study. Leaching distances and bioactivities in soil are correlated with the K_p values of the pesticides, and with the organic matter and the water content of the soil.