北京地区暖温带森林土壤温室气体排放规律

本研究利用静态箱法在北京市东灵山暖温带森林生长期选择3种不同类型的森林(阔叶混交林、辽东栎林和油松林)的土壤进行了温室气体(CH₄、CO₂和N₂O)排放规律的野外原位观测.研究结果表明:暖温带主要代表森林类型的土壤作为CH₄的汇吸收大气中的CH₄,同时作为CO₂和N₂O的源向大气排放.观测结果显示:不同的森林土壤类型其温室气体排放通量、范围各不相同,阔叶混交林土壤CH₄、CO₂和N₂O通量范围分别是:42～103μg/(m²·h),15～344mg/(m²·h)和-61～101μg/(m²·h);辽东栎林土壤3种气体通量范围分别是:13～182 μg/(m²·h),23～380mg/(m²·h)和-15～183 μg/(m²·h);油松林土壤3种气体通量范围分别是:12～128 μg/(m²·h),15～292mg/(m²·h) 和 -94～153 μg/(m²·h).观测期内阔叶混交林土壤CH₄、CO₂和N₂O平均通量分别是:-66 μg/(m²·h),145mg/(m²·h)和22 μg/(m²·h);辽东栎林土壤3种气体平均通量分别是:-67 μg/(m²·h),146mg/(m²·h)和45μg/(m²·h);油松林土壤3种气体平均通量分别是:-79 μg/(m²·h),150mg/(m²·h)和31μg/(m²·h).本研究估算了不同类型的森林土壤不同的温室气体生长期内的排放总量,阔叶混交林土壤CH₄、CO₂和N₂O排放总量分别是:-5.34kg/(hm²·a),13.9Mg/(hm²·a) 和2.58kg/(hm²·a); 辽东栎林土壤3种气体排放总量分别是:-6.20kg/(hm²·a), 14.07Mg/(hm²·a)和4.19kg/(hm²·a); 油松林土壤3种气体排放总量分别是-6.85kg/(hm²·a), 15.71Mg/(hm²·a)和4.30kg/(hm²·a).     

向海沼泽湿地土壤中硝态氮的水平运移规律

选择封闭性的付老文泡湿地和开放性的二百方子湿地作为两个典型区,以KNO₃为示踪剂,模拟研究了硝态氮在向海沼泽湿地中的水平运移过程.结果表明,沼泽湿地土壤中硝态氮的运移通量与运移距离显著负相关,并随运移距离的增加呈一阶衰减指数变化;而沼泽湿地土壤中硝态氮的运移通量与土壤水扩散率及土壤含水量都呈显著正相关关系,并随土壤水扩散率的增加呈指数增长.     

包气带油污土层生物修复现场控制性因素的评价

包气带油污土层的生物修复涉及到石油降解微生物、石油污染物的可生物降解性和土壤环境三个方面.本文通过最或然计数法(MPN)、原油族组分柱层析分析方法和色质联机分析等实验手段,研究了淄河滩包气带油污土层的水力学特性、氮磷营养元素、微生物和石油污染物.结果表明,长期受石油污染的土层含有丰富的微生物,其中大部分具有降解石油烃的能力,且土层的渗透性极强,有利于开展油污土层的生物修复.同时,长期的挥发、淋失和转化造成土层中石油污染物主要由高分子、高沸点烃类组成,且油污土层的速效氮、速效磷含量太低,直接增加了生物修复的难度,成为不利于生物修复的影响因素.     

博尔塔拉河河水、表层底泥及河岸土壤重金属的污染和潜在危害评价

以新疆博尔塔拉河为研究区,对河水、河床表层底泥及沿岸土壤中重金属Cr、Cu、Hg、As、Cd、Pb和Zn的来源、污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明:1从总体看,博尔塔拉河水体中7种重金属的含量均较低,但Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr的最高值明显高于地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准和WHO饮用水健康建议标准;表层底泥和沿岸土壤中重金属含量明显高于河水.2相关分析和富集系数计算表明,河水、表层底泥及沿岸土壤中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr均来自沿岸工业生产、城镇生活、交通运输及农业生产中污染物排放;重金属Cu、Zn和As主要来源于流域自然地质背景及成土母质因素.3污染评价表明3种介质中7种重金属的单因子污染指数值(Pi)和综合污染指数值(Pz)均小1,属于安全等级,清洁水平.4潜在生态风险评估表明博尔塔拉河表层底泥及沿岸土壤中7种重金属的单因子潜在生态风险(Eir)和综合潜在生态风险值(RI)均较低,未对水体及沿岸土壤环境造成危害.     

吡虫啉在土壤中的吸附及作用机理研究

研究了吡虫啉在土壤中的吸附及作用。结果表明，吡虫啉在土壤中的吸附主要归结于土壤有机质对它的结合，其它因素影响较小，Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ常数Ｋｆ与ＯＭ（％）有较好的相关性；吡虫淋能与腐殖酸作用发生电荷转移，并能与腐殖酸羟基形成氢健。     

冻土与融土中生活垃圾填埋处理的试验研究

试验模拟了冻土及融土中生活垃圾的填埋对于周边土体的影响,通过检测填埋场各点处土壤含水量、温度、含盐量和有机质的含量,认为水分运移是影响可溶盐离子迁移的主要因素,盐分与水分的分布具有很好的一致性;温度对盐离子的迁移及有机质的分解有很大影响,温度越高,盐离子的迁移及有机质的分解速率越快。冻土环境不利于可溶盐离子及有机质的迁移与分解,冻土中各点含盐量及有机质含量高于融土。     

种植陆地棉原位净化污灌区土壤中镉的可行性

为探讨非食源性作物陆地棉应用于土壤中镉原位净化的可行性,选取华北地区城郊污灌区6块代表性陆地棉样地,运用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS),测定了土壤及陆地棉根系、秸秆、果壳、纤维、籽粒中消解态全镉含量. 结果显示:污灌土壤中w(Cd)平均值为247.26 μg/kg,已出现积累现象;陆地棉植株各组织中w(Cd)为果壳(199.1 μg/kg)>秸秆(171.8 μg/kg)>根系(122.9 μg/kg)>籽粒(107.8 μg/kg)>纤维(44.8 μg/kg);陆地棉植株地上部分w(Cd)的加权平均值为150.2 μg/kg,其富集系数(BCF)为0.612,转移系数(TI)为1.22;按陆地棉生物量(干质量)为36000 kg/hm2计算,种植一季陆地棉可使土壤耕作层中w(Cd)降低2.02 μg/kg,降低了0.82%. 陆地棉属非食源性经济作物,其地域适应性广,对土壤镉的耐性较强,在污灌区土壤镉的原位净化中具有潜在应用前景.      

High-throughput metagenomic analysis of petroleum-contaminated soil microbiome reveals the versatility in xenobiotic aromatics metabolism

The soil with petroleum contamination is one of the most studied soil ecosystems due to its rich microorganisms for hydrocarbon degradation and broad applications in bioremediation.However, our understanding of the genomic properties and functional traits of the soil microbiome is limited. In this study, we used high-throughput metagenomic sequencing to comprehensively study the microbial community from petroleum-contaminated soils near Tianjin Dagang oilfield in eastern China. The analysis reveals that the soil metagenome is characterized by high level of community diversity and metabolic versatility. The metageome community is predominated by γ-Proteobacteria and α-Proteobacteria, which are key players for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation. The functional study demonstrates over-represented enzyme groups and pathways involved in degradation of a broad set of xenobiotic aromatic compounds, including toluene, xylene, chlorobenzoate, aminobenzoate, DDT, methylnaphthalene, and bisphenol. A composite metabolic network is proposed for the identified pathways, thus consolidating our identification of the pathways. The overall data demonstrated the great potential of the studied soil microbiome in the xenobiotic aromatics degradation. The results not only establish a rich reservoir for novel enzyme discovery but also provide putative applications in bioremediation.     

岩溶山区表土中~7Be、~(137)Cs、~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的地球化学相分配及其侵蚀示踪意义

岩溶山区表土中７Ｂｅ、１３７Ｃｓ、２２６Ｒａ和２２８Ｒａ地球化学相分配的实验研究表明，４种核素绝大部分（８５％以上）存在于ＦｅＭｎ氧化物、有机质及残渣相中．它们在表土的迁移过程中具微粒迁移性，能较好地随土粒般运，可作为土粒侵蚀或沉积的示踪剂．但其微粒示踪类型又各具特征：７Ｂｅ的化学形态与其季节性微粒迁移示踪一致；１３７Ｃｓ的化学形态适用于示踪土粒累计性迁移和沉积计年；２２６Ｒａ和２２８Ｒａ存在于粘土矿物结晶骨架中，在表土中主要以残渣相存在，由矿物化学风化作用而转入可溶解、可交换及碳酸盐结合相的比例很小，二者比活度的形态变化分异具有很好的侵蚀堆积示踪价值．     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.