Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils

This study aimed to evaluate the sorption-desorption and leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor from three Brazilian soils. The sorption-desorption of ¹⁴C-aminocyclopyrachlor was evaluated using the batch method and leaching was assessed in glass columns. The Freundlich model showed an adequate fit for the sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor. The Freundlich sorption coefficient [K_{f (sorption)}] ranged from 0.37 to 1.34 µmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1 and showed a significant positive correlation with the clay content of the soil, while the K_{f (desorption)} ranged from 3.62 to 5.36 µmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1. The K_{f (desorption)} values were higher than their respective K_{f (sorption)}, indicating that aminocyclopyrachlor sorption is reversible, and the fate of this herbicide in the environment can be affected by leaching. Aminocyclopyrachlor was detected at all depths (0?30 cm) in all the studied soils, where leaching was influenced by soil texture. The total herbicide leaching from the sandy clay and clay soils was <0.06%, whereas, ～3% leached from the loamy sand soil. The results suggest that aminocyclopyrachlor has a high potential of leaching, based on its low sorption and high desorption capacities. Therefore, this herbicide can easily contaminate underground water resources.     

Salt Flushing,Salt Storage,and Controls on Selenium and Uranium: A 31‐Year Mass‐Balance Analysis of an Irrigated,Semiarid Valley

Salinity, selenium, and uranium pose water‐quality challenges for the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and other rivers that support irrigation in semiarid regions. This study used 31 years of continuous discharge and specific conductance (SC) monitoring data to assess interannual patterns in water quality using mass balance on a 120‐km reach of river. Discrete sampling data were used to link the SC records to salinity, selenium, and uranium. Several important patterns emerged. Consumptive use reduced discharge by a median value of 33% and drove corresponding increases in salinity and uranium concentrations. Increased water availability for irrigation from rainfall and upstream snowpack in 1995–1999 flushed additional salinity and uranium into the river in 1996–2000; average annual total dissolved solids (salinity) concentrations increased 25%, and loads increased 131%. Smaller flushing events have occurred, sometimes lagging an increase in water availability by about one year. The pattern indicates flushing of salts temporarily stored, evaporatively concentrated, or of geologic origin. Mobilization of selenium from the reach was minor compared to salinity and uranium, and net selenium removal from the river was suggested in some years. Several processes related to irrigation could be removing selenium. The results provide context for efforts to improve water quality in the Arkansas River and rivers in other semiarid regions.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in irrigated soils of Beijing, China: Levels, inventory and fate

Limited information on the levels, inventory and fate of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the soils irrigated by sewage or wastewater is available. In this study, variation in concentrations, profiles and fate of OCPs and PBDEs were investigated using soil samples collected from a region irrigated by sewage, mixed water and clean water in the east of Beijing, China. No significant variation was observed among groups, except for penta-BDEs. The measured ΣOCPs and ΣPBDEs residues ranged from 6.4 to 171.2 ng g⁻¹ (dw) and 501.9 to 3310.7 pg g⁻¹ (dw), respectively. ΣDDTs and BDE-209 were the most abundant congeners accounting for about 76% of ΣOCPs and 93% of ΣPBDEs. Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and its major degradation products, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) ranged from 1.2 to 11.4 ng g⁻¹ (dw), 4.0 to 155.6 ng g⁻¹ (dw) and 0.3 to 3.4 ng g⁻¹ (dw), respectively. The major DDT degradation products were p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE. The major hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomer in irrigated soils is β-HCH, reflecting its higher affinity to solids and resistance to degradation than other isomers. Both α-HCH/β-HCH and p,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDE ratios were log-normally distributed and negatively correlated to log(ΣHCHs) and log(ΣDDTs), respectively, suggesting no significant recent application of OCPs. Individual BDE congeners, ΣPBDEs and ΣOCPs were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC). Moreover, a good correlationship between ΣPBDEs and black carbon (BC) was obtained but not between ΣOCPs and BC. Sewage irrigation did not have obvious effect on their contaminant levels and inventory of OCPs and PBDEs.     

The organic contamination level based on the total soil mass is not a proper index of the soil contamination intensity

Concentrations of organic contaminants in common productive soils based on the total soil mass give a misleading account of actual contamination effects. This is attributed to the fact that productive soils are essentially water-saturated, with the result that the soil uptake of organic compounds occurs principally by partition into the soil organic matter (SOM). This report illustrates that the soil contamination intensity of a compound is governed by the concentration in the SOM (C_om) rather than by the concentration in whole soil (C_s). Supporting data consist of the measured levels and toxicities of many pesticides in soils of widely differing SOM contents and the related levels in in-situ crops that defy explanation by the C_s values. This SOM-based index is timely needed for evaluating the contamination effects of food crops grown in different soils and for establishing a dependable priority ranking for intended remediation of numerous contamination sites.     

Ion activity and distribution of heavy metals in acid mine drainage polluted subtropical soils

The oxidative dissolution of mine wastes gives rise to acidic, metal-enriched mine drainage (AMD) and has typically posed an additional risk to the environment. The poly-metallic mine Dabaoshan in South China is an excellent test site to understand the processes affecting the surrounding polluted agricultural fields. Our objectives were firstly to investigate metal ion activity in soil solution, distribution in solid constituents, and spatial distribution in samples, secondly to determine dominant environment factors controlling metal activity in the long-term AMD-polluted subtropical soils. Soil Column Donnan Membrane Technology (SC-DMT) combined with sequential extraction shows that unusually large proportion of the metal ions are present as free ion in the soil solutions. The narrow range of low pH values prevents any pH effects during the binding onto oxides or organic matter. The differences in speciation of the soil solutions may explain the different soil degradation observed between paddy and non-paddy soils.     

Chelant-aided enhancement of lead mobilization in residential soils

Chelation of metals is an important factor in enhancing solubility and hence, availability to plants to promote phytoremediation. We compared the effects of two chelants, namely, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) in enhancing mobilized lead (Pb) in Pb-based paint contaminated residential soils collected from San Antonio, Texas and Baltimore, Maryland. Batch incubation studies were performed to investigate the effectiveness of the two chelants in enhancing mobilized Pb, at various concentrations and treatment durations. Over a period of 1 month, the mobilized Pb pool in the San Antonio study soils increased from 52 mg kg⁻¹ to 287 and 114 mg kg⁻¹ in the presence of 15 mM kg⁻¹ EDTA and EDDS, respectively. Stepwise linear regression analysis demonstrated that pH and organic matter content significantly affected the mobilized Pb fraction. The regression models explained a large percentage, from 83 to 99%, of the total variation in mobilized Pb concentrations.     

海南岛香蕉园土壤肥力现状及变化趋势分析

对海南岛5大香蕉种植区(乐东、东方、昌江、临高、儋州)各大香蕉基地的共计57蕉园土壤样品及与之对应的20个对照样品进行了pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙镁、有效硫、有效铜锌及有效硼含量分析.结论如下:1)海南岛各大香蕉基地由于管理水平不同,其土壤肥力水平差异相当明显,以乐东地区蕉园土壤肥力为最低.2)全区蕉园土壤较对照土壤pH值降低(下降0.27～0.91个单位);有机质质量比降低(下降0.009～0.063g/kg);碱解氮质量比降低(下降0.72～22.75 mg/kg);速效磷大量积累(上升17.4%～1552.4%);速效钾质量比增加缓慢(上升161.94～312.18 mg/kg);中量元素交换性钙、速效硫含量有一定幅度的增加(Ca上升0.39～3.94cmol/kg,S上升1.52～43.00mg/kg);交换性镁有下降趋势(下降0.01～0.15 mg/kg);微量元素中速效性铜有增加趋势(上升0.16～1.49mg/kg)而速效锌、速效硼有下降趋势(Zn下降0.10～2.04mg/kg,B下降0.01～0.04mg/kg).     

毫米级根际微域磺胺嘧啶的降解动态研究

采用特制根际箱,研究了玉米根际效应作用下磺胺嘧啶在土壤中的降解动态.在空间上将根-土界面(0~5 mm)细化到1 mm,箱内磺胺嘧啶剂量分别设为1 mg·kg-1和5 mg·kg-1,分别在出苗后第20、40和60 d取样,并将磺胺嘧啶降解率与根-土界面4种有机酸含量进行回归分析,从而得出影响磺胺嘧啶在根际土壤降解的关键因素.结果表明,种植作物可有效促进磺胺嘧啶的降解,且磺胺嘧啶的最大消减水平发生在距离根室3 mm的近根区,降解顺序依次为:近根际根室远根际.通过对不同剂量磺胺嘧啶胁迫下有机酸响应的相关分析发现,苹果酸和乙酸是影响磺胺嘧啶在根际土壤中降解的关键因素之一.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb2+ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb2+ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agro- ecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb2+ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb2+. Of the...     

广东省典型区域农业土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留及其分布特征

2002年10月—2005年11月采集广东省典型区域(汕头市、湛江市、东莞市、惠州市、中山市、珠海市和佛山市顺德区)的农业土壤表层(0～20 cm)样品444个,采用气相色谱方法对土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)进行分析,初步揭示广东省农业土壤中有机氯农药的分布及残留情况. 结果表明:HCHs的检出率为95.9%,w(HCHs)为未检出～104.38 ng/g,平均值5.90 ng/g;DDTs的检出率为95.7%,w(DDTs)为未检出～157.75 ng/g,平均值为10.18ng/g. HCHs的4种异构体中,w(β-HCH)最高,平均值为2.96 ng/g,而p,p′-DDE是3种DDTs异构体中含量最高的,平均值为5.09 ng/g. 不同土壤利用类型中,有机氯农药残留总量为水稻田>菜地>香蕉地>旱坡果园地>甘蔗地,汕头市土壤中有机氯农药残留总量明显高于该研究区的其他地方. 与国内外其他地区农业土壤中的DDTs和HCHs含量和我国土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)相比,广东省典型区域污染程度较低.