黄浦江中上游地区农用土壤重金属含量特征分析

以黄浦江中上游地区农用土壤为研究区域,在获取区域内729个农用表层土壤样品重金属含量数据的基础上,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对黄浦江中上游地区农用土壤重金属的含量水平、分布特征和来源进行系统分析.结果表明,黄浦江中上游地区农用土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Cu 、Zn 的平均值分别为0.163,0.144,7.54,86.3,24.9,31.4,98.8mg/kg,均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu 、Zn平均含量均超过上海市土壤中相应重金属元素含量背景值,其中尤以Hg显著,是对应背景值的1.44倍;以上海市土壤背景值为标准,农田土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Cu 、Zn 超标率分别为59.7%,68.2%,19.3%,67.1%,44.9%,58.4%,76.7%,表现为Zn> Hg> Cr> Cd> Cu > Pb> As.从空间分布来看,青浦、松江远郊区域农用土壤中Cd、Hg、As含量明显高于奉贤、闵行区,靠近市区的闵行Zn、Cr、Cu含量最高,各区域Pb含量差异不大;重金属来源分析表明,As、Cd、Hg元素来源主要与成土母质、农业生产活动等结构性因素有关,而Cu、Cr、Zn、Pb累积受工业生产、人民生活以及交通活动等随机性因素影响较大;Cd含量在不同农用土地利用类型间差异较大,其余元素差异不明显.     

Effect of vehicle exhaust on the quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil

PAHs are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic substances containing carbon and hydrogen and are one of the first atmospheric pollutants identified as carcinogens. Most of the PAH environmental burden is found in the soil (95%). Soil samples collected from different roadsides were analyzed for seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out by UV Spectrophotometer. The individual PAH value ranged from 0.1 to 18.0 mg/kg. Phenenthrene and Pyrene were found to be the most abundant compounds. Vehicle emissions are the principal source of PAH in the Roadside soils. The highest concentration was found at site S2 (Hasthtnagri Roadside) which shows the highest traffic density.     

湖南省农田土壤中HCH和DDT残留状况研究

2009年6月采集了湖南省农田土壤中的160个样品,采用ASE萃取技术,用GC-MS方法测定了样品中的六六六(HCH)、滴滴涕(DDT)。结果表明:HCH和DDT的检出率为100%,说明湖南省农田土壤中有机氯农药残留现象普遍存在。HCH和DDT的平均含量分别为8.03和36.26μg/kg,范围分别在0.20～17.89μg/kg和5.05～45.96μg/kg。与国内不同区域的同类研究相比,湖南省农田土壤的有机氯残留水平处于中等水平。在不同类型土壤中,有机氯残留状况有所差异,HCH在水稻土中残留量最高,而DDT在棉花田最高。     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法内标元素选择的研究

电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)测定土壤标样中不同质量段的Cr、Cd、Pb元素,借以研究内标元素选择对测定值的影响。结果表明:选择内标元素,首要考虑因素是样品中不含该元素,而非质量数或第一电离能与待测元素接近;选择样品中含有成分作为内标元素时,对低浓度含量的元素影响更大;单一内标元素即可校正基体效应,实现对低、中、高质量段的多元素同时测定。对地质标样和未知样品,分别推荐了内标元素和选择内标元素的方法。     

中国滨海湿地土壤汞空间分布及影响因素

通过对7个典型滨海湿地土壤（0～20cm）中总汞含量及土壤理化性质、气候以及社会经济因素的测定收集,研究了滨海湿地土壤中汞的空间分布规律和影响因子之间的关系,并对不同介质环境内汞含量进行分析.结果表明:我国滨海湿地土壤总汞的含量范围是1.26～169.94ng/g,平均值为（33.82±3.09） ng/g;滨海湿地土壤汞含量差异是由土壤理化性质、社会经济以及气候因素共同影响的结果,其中土壤理化性质中pH值、有机质、总铁、总氮为关键影响因素;在汞的输入途径中,河流输送对中国滨海湿地土壤总汞含量的影响要高于大气输送.     

Chelant-aided enhancement of lead mobilization in residential soils

Chelation of metals is an important factor in enhancing solubility and hence, availability to plants to promote phytoremediation. We compared the effects of two chelants, namely, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) in enhancing mobilized lead (Pb) in Pb-based paint contaminated residential soils collected from San Antonio, Texas and Baltimore, Maryland. Batch incubation studies were performed to investigate the effectiveness of the two chelants in enhancing mobilized Pb, at various concentrations and treatment durations. Over a period of 1 month, the mobilized Pb pool in the San Antonio study soils increased from 52 mg kg⁻¹ to 287 and 114 mg kg⁻¹ in the presence of 15 mM kg⁻¹ EDTA and EDDS, respectively. Stepwise linear regression analysis demonstrated that pH and organic matter content significantly affected the mobilized Pb fraction. The regression models explained a large percentage, from 83 to 99%, of the total variation in mobilized Pb concentrations.     

A laboratory study on risk assessment of microcystin-RR in cropland

The persistence time and risk of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) in cropland via irrigation were investigated under laboratory conditions. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the potential adsorption and biodegradation of MC-RR in cropland and the persistence time of MC-RR for crop irrigation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the amount of MC-RR in solutions. Our study indicated that MC-RR could be adsorbed and biodegraded in cropland soils. MC-RR at 6.5mg/L could be completely degraded within 6 days with a lag phase of 1-2 days. In the presence of humic acid, the same amount of MC-RR could be degraded within 4 days without a lag phase. Accordingly, the persistence time of MC-RR in cropland soils should be about 6 days. This result also suggested the beneficial effects of the organic fertilizer utilization for the biodegradation of MC-RR in cropland soils. Our studies also demonstrated that MC-RR at low concentration (<10microg/L) could accelerate the growth of plants, while high concentration of MC-RR (>100microg/L) significantly inhibited the growth of plants. High sensitivity of the sprouting stage plants to MC-RR treatments as well as the strong inhibitory effects resulting from prolonged irrigation further indicated that this MC-RR growth-inhibition may vary with the duration of irrigation and life stage of the plants.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in irrigated soils of Beijing, China: Levels, inventory and fate

Limited information on the levels, inventory and fate of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the soils irrigated by sewage or wastewater is available. In this study, variation in concentrations, profiles and fate of OCPs and PBDEs were investigated using soil samples collected from a region irrigated by sewage, mixed water and clean water in the east of Beijing, China. No significant variation was observed among groups, except for penta-BDEs. The measured ΣOCPs and ΣPBDEs residues ranged from 6.4 to 171.2 ng g⁻¹ (dw) and 501.9 to 3310.7 pg g⁻¹ (dw), respectively. ΣDDTs and BDE-209 were the most abundant congeners accounting for about 76% of ΣOCPs and 93% of ΣPBDEs. Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and its major degradation products, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) ranged from 1.2 to 11.4 ng g⁻¹ (dw), 4.0 to 155.6 ng g⁻¹ (dw) and 0.3 to 3.4 ng g⁻¹ (dw), respectively. The major DDT degradation products were p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE. The major hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomer in irrigated soils is β-HCH, reflecting its higher affinity to solids and resistance to degradation than other isomers. Both α-HCH/β-HCH and p,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDE ratios were log-normally distributed and negatively correlated to log(ΣHCHs) and log(ΣDDTs), respectively, suggesting no significant recent application of OCPs. Individual BDE congeners, ΣPBDEs and ΣOCPs were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC). Moreover, a good correlationship between ΣPBDEs and black carbon (BC) was obtained but not between ΣOCPs and BC. Sewage irrigation did not have obvious effect on their contaminant levels and inventory of OCPs and PBDEs.     

The organic contamination level based on the total soil mass is not a proper index of the soil contamination intensity

Concentrations of organic contaminants in common productive soils based on the total soil mass give a misleading account of actual contamination effects. This is attributed to the fact that productive soils are essentially water-saturated, with the result that the soil uptake of organic compounds occurs principally by partition into the soil organic matter (SOM). This report illustrates that the soil contamination intensity of a compound is governed by the concentration in the SOM (C_om) rather than by the concentration in whole soil (C_s). Supporting data consist of the measured levels and toxicities of many pesticides in soils of widely differing SOM contents and the related levels in in-situ crops that defy explanation by the C_s values. This SOM-based index is timely needed for evaluating the contamination effects of food crops grown in different soils and for establishing a dependable priority ranking for intended remediation of numerous contamination sites.     

Ion activity and distribution of heavy metals in acid mine drainage polluted subtropical soils

The oxidative dissolution of mine wastes gives rise to acidic, metal-enriched mine drainage (AMD) and has typically posed an additional risk to the environment. The poly-metallic mine Dabaoshan in South China is an excellent test site to understand the processes affecting the surrounding polluted agricultural fields. Our objectives were firstly to investigate metal ion activity in soil solution, distribution in solid constituents, and spatial distribution in samples, secondly to determine dominant environment factors controlling metal activity in the long-term AMD-polluted subtropical soils. Soil Column Donnan Membrane Technology (SC-DMT) combined with sequential extraction shows that unusually large proportion of the metal ions are present as free ion in the soil solutions. The narrow range of low pH values prevents any pH effects during the binding onto oxides or organic matter. The differences in speciation of the soil solutions may explain the different soil degradation observed between paddy and non-paddy soils.