长期不同施肥对水稻土交换性钙、镁和有效硫、硅含量的影响

为探明合理施肥和土壤培肥的理论依据,研究了4种长期定位施肥(CK、NPK、OM30、OM60)对湖南主要水稻土交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硅含量的影响.结果表明,长期不同施肥改变了供试水稻土中上述养分的含量.在含钙较低的黄泥田、河沙泥、红黄泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量显著升高,在相同土壤中其含量高低依序为OM30,OM60,NPK;在含钙较多的青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量降低.降低幅度与施入的有机肥量呈负相关.在黄泥田、河沙泥、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使交换性镁含量降低,而在红黄泥中施肥则使交换性镁含量升高.N-PK处理使含硫较高的黄泥田、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥有效硫含量升高,使含硫较低的红黄泥有效硫含量降低;有机、无机肥配施处理(OM30、OM60)使所有试验水稻土有效硫含量升高.施用钙镁磷肥和有机肥能够提高土壤有效硅含量.     

竹银水库库底氮磷营养盐释放潜力研究

竹银水库是珠海新建的目前最大的对澳门供水水库,总库容达4500×104 m3。氮和磷是浮游植物生长繁殖的主要限制性营养元素,氮、磷的供应很大程度决定着水生生态系统的初级生产力和有机质的微生物循环,而水体氮、磷营养盐的一个重要来源就是沉积物,即底泥。以竹银水库蓄水前库内不同区域的底泥为对象,对水库内代表不同区域的10个位点底泥进行采样,通过水库蓄水模型装置,模拟无氧条件下各区域底泥在蓄水后短期内向上覆水体释放氮、磷营养盐的情况,并对释放到水体中的总氮、总磷进行2天一次的定期监测,评估该水库底泥氮、磷营养盐的释放潜力。结果表明：竹银水库库底氮、磷营养盐的释放存在空间差异,农业种植区和畜牧养殖区附近的采样点具有较大的总氮和总磷释放潜力;各采样点的总氮平均释放潜力达15 g·m-3,总磷平均释放潜力达30 mg·m-3,磷释放的风险远低于氮,磷仍将是竹银水库最主要的限制性营养元素;预计该水库在蓄水后10 d内最多可释放近1.7×105 kg的氮和1.5×103 kg左右的磷,按满库容计算,则底泥营养盐的释放使水库水体氮、磷营养盐质量浓度分别提高4.25 mg·L^-1和0.038 mg·L^-1。建议对不同区域性质的底泥采取具有针对性的处理措施：对农业种植区与牲畜养殖场区域的底泥应以清淤为主,对于其他区域可采取底泥覆盖等技术降低其营养盐释放风险。     

Concentrations of heavy metals in urban soils of Talcahuano (Chile): a preliminary study

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the top-(0–10 cm) and sub-surface (10–20 cm) soils of the Talcahuano urban area were measured. The main soil properties (organic matter, CaCO₃, pH, particle sizes) were determined for a network of representative sampling sites. The mean Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents in the urban topsoil samples from Talcahuano (37.8, 22.6, 35.2, 333 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) were compared with mean concentrations for other cities around the world. The results revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals in topsoil samples than in sub-surface samples. The samples from IS1, IS2, and IS3, located in the Talcahuano industrial park, had higher Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents than did samples from the other sites. This was probably due to local pollution by industrial (metallurgical) dust, although other diffuse pollution throughout the entire port region (shipyards, metallurgy, the dismantling of old ships), and contributions from the wind from adjacent industrial, storage, and vessel areas clearly played a role. Heavy metals were lowest in the sample taken on school grounds (SG).     

金鸡关隧道渗水变形特征研究及其治理

川藏公路雅安金鸡关隧道于1995年元月开始双洞全线通车运行,但是从2001年左右开始左、右隧道均出现了不同程度的渗水变形,并有裂缝以及局部隆起鼓出现象。通过实地勘查和采样分析,结合前人的研究,认为金鸡关隧道的病害主要是地质原因,即灌口组地层中的膨胀性粘土遇水膨胀造成顶拱和路面鼓出隆起变形;溶解了地层中石膏的地下水沿施工造成的环向裂缝渗水重结晶,其诱发因素为地下水。在研究了金鸡关遂道渗水变形特征的基础上,围绕治理表部和隧道周边的地下水提出了相关的治理方案。     

Selenium fractions in organic matter from Se-rich soils and weathered stone coal in selenosis areas of China

A high degree of association between Selenium (Se) and organic matter has been demonstrated in natural environments, but Se fractions and speciation in organic matter is unclear. In this study, a method for quantifying organic matter associated with Se (OM-Se) was developed to investigate Se fractions in organic matter in Se-rich soils and weathered stone coal from Enshi, China, where Se poisoning of humans and livestock has been documented. Initially, Se was extracted using water and a phosphate buffer. Subsequently, OM-Se was extracted using NaOH, and then speciated into Se associated with fulvic acids (FA-Se) and humic acids (HA-Se). Both FA-Se and HA-Se were further speciated into the weakly bound and strongly bound fractions using a customized hydride generation reactor. The results show that FA-Se (1.91-479 mg kg⁻¹) is the predominant form of Se in all Se-rich soils and the weathered stone coal samples, accounting for more than 62% of OM-Se (3.07-484 mg kg⁻¹). Weakly bound FA-Se (1.33-450 mg kg⁻¹) was prevalent in the total FA-Se, while weakly bound HA-Se (0.62-26.2 mg kg⁻¹) was variable in the total HA-Se (1.15-32.5 mg kg⁻¹). These data indicate that OM-Se could play a significant source and sink role in the biogeochemical cycling of Se in the supergene environment. Weakly bound FA-Se seems to act as a potential source for bioavailable Se, whereas strongly bound HA-Se is a possible OM-Se sink which is not readily transformed into bioavailable Se.     

天津滨海工业区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集天津滨海工业区38个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组分特征,运用主成分因子载荷方法分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其风险水平.结果表明,该区域内94.7%土壤已被污染,其中重污染土壤占39.5%,最高污染样点PAHs含量高达5991.7 ng·g-1,平均含量为1148.1 ng·g-1,且城区土壤残留水平明显高于乡村土壤;PAHs的组分特征为以毒性水平较高的高环化合物为主;其污染来源主要是煤、天然气和汽油燃烧组成的混合源.     

河道疏浚废弃淤泥改良土的强度变化规律探讨

通过系列室内试验,研究了添加生石灰改良高含水量疏浚淤泥的处理土的无侧限抗压强度的主要影响因素;探讨了高含水量疏浚淤泥生石灰处理土的无侧限抗压强度与原泥初始含水量、生石灰掺入比、处理土含水量的关系,得出了生石灰处理土的无侧限抗压强度随着含水量降低率的增加而线性增加的变化规律;建立了生石灰处理土无侧限抗压强度与原泥初始含水量及处理土含水量的定量表达式,给出了生石灰改良高含水量疏浚淤泥的处理土不排水强度的预测方法,可为高含水量疏浚淤泥的有效利用和相关工程设计、施工提供理论基础和指导。     

金昌市郊农田土壤Cu,Zn,Ni形态分布特征与生物有效性评价

通过野外调查和室内测试分析,研究了金昌市郊农田土壤重金属Cu,Zn和Ni的形态特征,并以麦粒中重金属含量为重点进行了Cu,Zn和Ni的生物有效性评价.结果表明,研究区域土壤重金属Cu和Ni污染严重;Cu的主要存在形态为有机结合态,Zn的主要存在形态为残渣态,而Ni的主要存在形态为潜在可利用态;三种元素的生物有效性大小顺序为NiZnCu.对麦粒中重金属健康风险进行评价反映出麦粒中Ni含量对人体健康风险较大,而Cu和Zn对人体健康风险较小.逐步回归分析结果表明,农田土壤中Cu可交换态和碳酸盐结合态对麦粒中Cu含量贡献最大,而对麦粒吸收Zn和Ni贡献最大的形态分别为Zn的碳酸盐结合态和Ni的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态和有机结合态.土壤重金属Cu,Zn和Ni各形态分配系数较总量和各形态含量更适合表征本研究区域土壤重金属的生物有效性.     

土壤中溶解性有机质的环境特性与行为

本文就土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的吸附-解吸特性、迁移-转化特性及其影响因素、DOM对重金属吸附-解吸及生物毒性的影响、DOM对农药等有机污染物吸附-解吸及生物可降解性的影响进行了评述。同时，对DOM与水体富营养化的关系及DOM对温室气体排放的影响进行了探讨。     

Distribution patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils collected from Zhejiang province, east China

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in surface soil samples from Zhejiang Province, east China. Concentrations of total PCBs ranged widely from 7.50 to 263 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean value of 45.4 ng kg⁻¹ (dry matter basis). In general, concentrations in soil samples from the southern part of the test area and especially from some sites near hills tended to be higher than those from other sites. The prevailing winds may have been the main factor influencing the spatial distribution of PCBs in soils. Other factors may have included the distribution of residential areas and land use variables. In this paper we also discuss the relationships between OCPs and PCBs in soils and relationships between these and land use variables as revealed by correlation analysis.