石灰岩和砂岩地区豆科类植物紫花光叶苕(Vicia villosa)中铁和锰的不同分配模式

豆科类植物生物量的减少主要与氮和磷之间的平衡受到影响而有紧密的相关性。然而,其他营养元素之间的不平衡也能响应生物量的减少,比如铁和锰营养元素。选择了贵州茂兰相邻的石灰岩和砂岩地区土壤进行了野外种植实验。实验结果表明:生长着的豆科类植物铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)出现互为相反的分配模式:在砂岩地区生长的豆科类植物根部对铁的吸收相对高于石灰岩地区;而对锰的吸收,石灰岩地区高于砂岩地区。因此,植物根部的Fe∶Mn,砂岩地区高于石灰岩地区。这个结果说明豆科类植物根部对Fe和Mn的吸收存在不同模式。然而,在叶片中的Fe∶Mn砂岩地区和石灰岩地区之间基本没有区别,这说明铁和锰从根部到叶片的迁移具有不同模式。当叶片的Fe∶Mn(质量之比)低于2.9时,有可能响应豆科类植物生物量的减少。我们在研究植物与土壤的营养元素含量之间相关性时,越过环境因素,必须考虑植物内部随生长过程而发生变化的营养元素的化学计量,比如,生长着的植物中Fe∶Mn比值的变化等。     

温度变化对水泥土强度特性和破坏性状的影响

为研究温度对水泥土强度和破坏性状的影响,选用粘土和粉土这两种素土制成水泥土试样,分别在25°C±2°C、10°C±2°C和0°C±2°C的温度下进行养护,随后测试各龄期试样的单轴抗压强度,并观测各试样的破坏特征。研究表明:随着龄期的增长,温度变化对峰值应变的影响在减小;龄期较短(1~5天)时,水泥土单轴抗压强度对温度变化不敏感,在龄期7~40天,提高养护温度,水泥土单轴抗压强度显著增大;随着温度的升高,水泥土强度显著提高,但增长的趋势越来越缓慢;低温情况下水泥粘土的强度都比水泥粉土低,而一旦提高温度,水泥粘土的强度便超过水泥粉土;较低温度下养护的水泥土表现出比较明显的脆性破坏,迅速产生裂缝。     

新疆哈密地区有机氯农药大气、土壤残留特征、气-土交换及潜在生态风险

应用大气被动采样技术对新疆哈密地区城市、农村及林场点位大气和土壤中主要有机氯农药:HCHs和DDTs进行了1a的观测分析,对其大气、土壤残留现状和气-土交换进行了分析研究,并对其潜在生态风险进行了初步评估,结果表明,哈密地区大气中HCHs和DDTs在1a观测期的平均浓度分别为107.1 pg·m-3和43.9 pg·m-3;大气中HCHs和DDTs浓度呈现季节性变化:夏、秋两季HCHs和DDTs的浓度普遍高于冬、春两季,推测为夏、秋季较高的温度造成更多的HCHs和DDTs挥发到空气中;大气中两类OCPs污染以HCHs为主,HCHs各类异构体残留以α-HCH为主,DDTs残留以p,p’-DDE为主.研究区大气中α-HCH/γ-HCH的值普遍在3～7之间,推测工业HCHs的使用或HCHs的大气长距离传输对该地区大气中HCHs含量有较为明显的影响;大气中(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的值在0.4～0.9之间,有71.4%的比值大于0.5,表明大气中DDTs主要来自于环境中的残留,近期没有新源输入.土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量范围分别为0.344～6.954 ng·g-1和0.104～26.397ng·g-1,均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准规定的一级自然背景值;土壤中两类OCPs污染以DDTs为主,HCHs各异构体残留以β-HCH为主,DDTs残留以o,p’-DDT为主,根据(DDD+DDE)/DDTs<0.5,近期土壤中有新的HCHs和DDTs输入.土壤和大气中HCHs和DDTs的来源不一致,主要是由土壤和大气本身的不同特性以及哈密地区复杂的地理和气候条件导致的.气-土交换研究表明:哈密地区HCHs各异构体和p,p’-DDE的气-土交换主要以土壤向大气挥发为主;而o,p’-DDE、o,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT的气-土交换则主要是由大气向土壤沉降.大部分DDTs的汇是土壤,源是大气;而HCHs和p,p’-DDE的汇则是大气,源是土壤.哈密地区土壤中HCHs的生态风险较低,哈密城市和林场土壤中DDTs可能对该地区鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的潜在生态风险.     

Evaluating the Applicability of Regulatory Leaching Tests for Assessing Lead Leachability in Contaminated Shooting Range Soils

The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is the current US-EPA standard protocol to evaluate metal leachability in wastes and contaminated soils. However, application of TCLP to assess lead (Pb) leachability from contaminated shooting range soils may be questionable. This study determined Pb leachability in the range soils using TCLP and another US-EPA regulatory leaching method, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). Possible mechanisms that are responsible for Pb leaching in each leaching protocol were elucidated via X-ray diffraction (XRD). Soil samples were collected from the backstop berms at four shooting ranges, with Pb concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 60,600 mg kg⁻¹ soil. Lead concentrations in the TCLP leachates were from 3 to 350 mg l⁻¹, with all but one soil exceeding the USEPA non-hazardous waste disposal limit of 5 mg l⁻¹. However, continued dissolution of metallic Pb particles from spent Pb bullets and its re-precipitation as cerussite (PbCO₃) prevented the TCLP extraction from reaching equilibrium at the end of the standard leaching period (18 h). Thus, the standard one-point TCLP test would either over- or under-estimate Pb leachability in shooting range soils. Lead concentration in the SPLP leachates ranged from 0.021 to 2.6 mg l⁻¹, with all soils above the USEPA regulatory limit of 0.015 mg l⁻¹. In contrast to TCLP, SPLP leaching had reached equilibrium, with regard to both pH and Pb concentrations, within the standard 18 h leaching period, and the analytical SPLP results were in good agreement with those derived from modeling. Thus, we concluded that SPLP is a more appropriate alternative than TCLP for assessing lead leachability in range soils.     

A Numerical Model Simulating the Remediation of Hydrocarbon-Impacted Soils Using Low-Temperature Oxidation

A 2-D mathematical model to simulate the temperature distribution, coke formation, and change in residual extractable oil during remediation by low-temperature oxidation (LTO) process was developed. Simulation results indicate that the spacing between wells, pressure difference, and air-injection temperature and different well patterns influence the temperature distribution and consequently the level of remediation in the soil. The model results for coke formation and residual extractable oil distribution compared well with experimental results. The operating conditions—air-injection temperature of about 200°C, air-injection pressure of 6 to 10 kPa, air-extraction pressure of −110 Pa, and wells spaced 1 m apart installed in a nine-spot pattern—provide good remediation of hydrocarbons in soil by LTO process.

Exergy and extended exergy accounting of very large complex systems with an application to the province of Siena, Italy

This paper describes the application of exergy and extended exergy analyses to large complex systems. The system to be analysed is assumed to be at steady state, and the input and output fluxes of matter and energy are expressed in units of exergy. Human societies of any reasonable extent are indeed Very Large Complex Systems and can be represented as interconnected networks of N elementary "components", their Subsystems; the detail of the disaggregation depends on the type and quality of the available data. The structural connectivity of the "model" of the System must correctly describe the interactions of each mass or energy flow with each sector of the society: since it is seldom the case that all of these fluxes are available in detail, some preliminary mass- and energy balances must be completed and constitute in fact a part of the initial assumptions. Exergy accounting converts the total amount of resources inflow into their equivalent exergetic form with the help of a table of "raw exergy data" available in the literature. The quantification of each flow on a homogeneous exergetic basis paves the way to the evaluation of the efficiency of each energy and mass transfer between the N sectors and makes it possible to quantify the irreversible losses and identify their sources. The advantage of the EEA, compared to a classical exergy accounting, is the inclusion in the system balance of the exergetic equivalents of three additional "Production Factors": human Labour, Capital and Environmental Remediation costs. EEA has an additional advantage: it allows for the calculation of the efficiency of the domestic sector (impossible to evaluate with any other energy- or exergy-based method) by considering the working hours as its product. As implied in the title, an application of the method was made to a model of the province of Siena (on a year 2000 database): the results show that the sectors of this Province have values of efficiency close to the Italian average, with the exception of the commercial and energy conversion sectors that are more efficient, in agreement with the rather peculiar socio-economic situation of the Province. The largest inefficiency is found to be in the transportation sector, which has an efficiency lower then 30% in EEA and lower than 10% in classical exergy accounting.     

Assessing the Effectiveness of a Constructed Arctic Stream Using Multiple Biological Attributes

Objective assessment of habitat compensation is a central yet challenging issue for restoration ecologists. In 1997, a 3.4-km stream channel, designed to divert water around an open pit diamond mine, was excavated in the Barrenlands region of the Canadian Arctic to create productive stream habitat. We evaluated the initial success of this compensation program by comparing multiple biological attributes of the constructed stream during its first three years to those of natural reference streams in the area. The riparian zone of the constructed stream was largely devoid of vegetation throughout the period, in contrast to the densely vegetated zones of reference streams. The constructed stream also contained lower amounts of woody debris, coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), and epilithon; had lower coverage by macrophytes and bryophytes; and processed leaf litter at a lower rate than reference streams. Species richness and densities of macroinvertebrates were consistently lower in the constructed stream compared to natural streams. This contributed to differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure throughout the period, although assemblages showed some convergence by year 3. The effectiveness of the constructed stream to emulate natural streams varied somewhat depending on the biological attribute being evaluated. Assessments based on individual attributes showed that minimal to moderate levels of similarity between the constructed stream and natural streams were achieved. A collective assessment of all biological and ecosystem attributes suggested that the constructed stream was not a good surrogate for natural streams during these first years. Additional time would be required before many characteristics of the constructed stream would resemble those of reference streams. Because initial efforts to improve fish habitat in the constructed stream focused on physical structures (e.g., weirs, vanes, rock, groins), ecological factors limiting fish growth were not considered and likely constrained success. We suggest that a greater focus on organic characteristics and vegetation within the stream and its riparian zone could have accelerated compensation. The addition of woody debris and CPOM, combined with planting of shrubs and herbs along the stream, should provide a source of allochthonous matter for the biotic community while large cobble and boulders should improve the physical stability of stream system, protecting its organic components.     

基于改进火焰原子吸收光谱的土壤六价铬分析

针对分离和萃取环节,对火焰原子吸收光谱测定土壤中六价铬的方法加以改进。采用聚合氯化铝为絮凝剂、异戊醇为萃取剂,使三价铬和六价铬有效分离,并减少了测试干扰。考察了聚铝试剂用量和萃取液振荡时间对测定的影响,并将该方法与EPA 3060A方法和未改进的火焰原子吸收光谱法比较,表明改进后的方法能用于土壤中六价铬的测定。     

土壤污染修复技术研究进展

总结了当前针对污染土壤的物理化学、生物及联合修复技术研究进展,归纳了纳米材料、生物炭和表面活性剂等新兴修复材料的优缺点及应用情况。提出今后的研究方向为强化生物修复技术,开展联合修复技术、复合材料修复技术及土壤修复技术风险防范研究。     

ICP-AES法多条谱线测定环境土壤中钒

选用钒的5条特征谱线用电感耦合-等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定环境土壤中的钒含量,运用干扰系数法对多个土壤标样和样品测定结果进行干扰校正,干扰系数用多个土壤标样的标准值和测定值的最小二乘法来确定.结果表明,未进行校正时,7个土壤标样5条特征谱线测定原始结果和标准值相差较大,不在标准值的范围内;校正后,土壤标样的311.071 nm.波长与309.311 nm波长谱线测定结果的均值在范围之内,且干扰系数为1.015(约等于1),不需折算,波长311.071 nm也在保证值范围内(校正系数为1.184).对土壤样品进行测定,5条谱线测试结果一致性好,相对标准偏差为2.2％～10.4％,平行相对偏差为0.3％～3.3％,加标回收率为88.4％ ～ 111.4％.建议用ICP-AES法对环境土壤中的钒测定时,选用波长311.071 nm谱线并用干扰系数法进行校正(系数为1.184),或用波长311.071 nm与309.311 nm谱线测定均值作为测定结果.