南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅱ.丘陵赤红壤水分循环动态特征

根据定位观测资料,阐述了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤水分循环的动态特征。研究结果表明,南亚热带丘陵赤红壤贮水量存在年际变化和显著的季节变化：雨季（4～9月）土壤贮水量相当于田间持水量的90％以上,个别月甚至超过贮水库容量。但旱季月土壤贮水量低,相当于田间持水量的50％～80％,需要补充水分才能及时满足植物所需的水分。     

Response of Lupinus albus to Pb–EDTA indicates relatively high tolerance

White lupin plants were grown in hydroponics with 0, 90 and 180 µmol L^?1 Pb(II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate complex for 30 days. Pb distribution (shoot/root ratio) was 0.34 and 0.46 for both Pb treatments. In the shoots, no decrease in biomass nor in photosynthetic pigment levels and no changes in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and glutathione were detected. In the roots, malondialdehyde increased by 20%, glutathione 2–3.6 times and phytochelatin concentrations 4–5 times. The high tolerance of white lupin makes it a valuable plant for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil.     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明：自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥（T0）条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕（T2）处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹（T1）与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮（TN）平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%。     

铬污染土壤的微生物修复

采用淋溶实验研究微生物对铬污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的修复,研究培养基成分、培养基添加量及淋溶液pH值对修复效果的影响.结果表明,培养基淋溶能完全修复铬污染土壤中水溶性Cr(Ⅵ),浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度由初始的700.3mg·L-1降低至检出限以下.单独加入碳源作为培养基时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)不能得到完全修复,碳源与氮源结合作...     

不同类型土壤中外源镍对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性

按照国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的蚯蚓毒性试验方法,研究了镍离子在我国13种典型土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性,发现镍离子在不同类型土壤中对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化范围为243.8-1970.6 mg·kg-1,镍离子在不同土壤中的毒性大小顺序为:湖南红壤＞重庆紫壤＞江西红壤＞河...     

Biogeochemical reductive release of soil embedded arsenate around a crater area (Guandu) in northern Taiwan using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy

This study investigates biogeochemical reductive release of arsenate from beudantite into solution in a crater area in northern Taiwan,using a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and atomic absorption spectrometry.Total arsenic (As) concentrations in the soil were more than 200 mg/kg.Over four months of laboratory experiments,less than 0.8% As was released into solution after reduction experiments.The 71% to 83% As was chemically reduced into arsenite (As(III)) and partially weathering into the soluble phase.The kinetic dissolution and re-precipitation of As,Fe,Pb and sulfate in this area of paddy soils merits further study.     

电压对电动修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染高岭土的影响研究

试验选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,配制高岭土中Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量分数为500mg·kg-1.试验研究了不同电压下的电动修复效率和单位能耗,并结合经济效益找出合适的电压范围.试验结果表明:当电压为20V时,去除效率达到89.9%,单位能耗仅为93.04KW·h·g-1.当电压再增大的时候,去除效率提高较小,单位能耗增大迅速,不符合经济效益的要求.由于适宜的施加电压和土壤本身性质有很大联系,如何通过简单的方法确定适宜的施加电压,还需进一步研究.     

某地区集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属污染状况、评价与源解析

以某地区3个集中式饮用水源地为研究对象,对沿岸土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co、Hg、As和Se的含量、分布、污染水平和来源进行了研究。结果表明:3水源地土壤中Cd超过GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准的样品数最多,其次是Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni。评价结果说明3个水源地土壤存在一定程度的重金属累积情况,处于轻微-中等程度的污染水平,其中Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn已接近或已处于预警水平。源解析结果表明:水源地土壤中重金属元素来源可归因于"燃煤因素"、"施肥因素"、"污灌因素"、"内燃机尾气排放因素"和"农药因素"等。     

Two‐Stage Agricultural Ditch Sediments Act as Phosphorus Sinks in West Michigan

Phosphorus (P) and sediment inputs from agricultural drainage contribute to the development of hypereutrophic conditions in lakes across the world. Two‐stage (2‐S) ditches, an agricultural best management practice gaining acceptance in the Midwestern United States, increase floodplain area within drainage ditches to help capture nutrients and sediment. While denitrification has been shown to increase on 2‐S benches, less is known about their P retention ability. This study assessed the abiotic and biotic P retention of two separate 2‐S ditches compared to their corresponding traditional reaches directly upstream within the Macatawa watershed, located in West Michigan. Soluble reactive P export was significantly reduced in 2‐S baseflow of both ditch systems. Equilibrium P concentration values suggest retention of P within the 2‐S sediment. P was bound within stable fractions in both 2‐S and traditional reaches. An analysis of P stock within the ditches revealed sediment held over 96% of total P (TP) within each reach compared to <4% in bench vegetation and periphyton combined. Turbidity, but not TP, was reduced in one study ditch, whereas TP, but not turbidity, was reduced in the other study ditch. Geomorphic stability may have been responsible for differing P retention between ditches. Ability to retain P appears to be impacted by physical as well as biogeochemical characteristics; hence, structure and age of 2‐S reaches influence P retention.     

典型农区耕作土壤重金属空间变异的稳健性分析

以鲁西北典型农区禹城的耕作土壤重金属Cr、Pb含量为例,针对其偏态分布特点与变异函数的非稳健性,研究了克瑞西-豪金斯法(C-H)、中位调节法(MA)、中位数中位偏差法(MMD)和位置的Huber估计(HB)4种稳健统计方法对土壤重金属变异函数的稳健处理效果,交叉检验了各稳健处理变异函数模型用以克里格估值的精度,分析了该地区耕作土壤重金属的空间分布特征。结果表明:研究区土壤Cr、Pb含量变异性较强且其频数分布均呈强烈偏态特征;稳健处理使得变异函数的块金值、基台值总体降低,块金值/基台值和拟合精度均不同程度升高;C-H法和MMD法稳健处理下,土壤Cr、Pb含量克里格空间预测的精度最高,是较优的稳健处理方式;研究区土壤Cr、Pb含量的空间分布呈现局部斑块状的分布格局,目前耕地土壤环境质量良好。该研究结果为该地区耕地环境质量评价和重金属污染防控提供科学依据。