湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附-解吸作用

应用平衡法研究硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,湿地土壤对硝基苯具有较强的吸附能力,其吸附行为可以用Linear和Freundlich型吸附等温式描述,不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附和解吸能力有所不同.将吸附常数Kf与湿地土壤的理化性质进行相关性分析表明,土壤有机质含量与硝基苯吸附系数显著相关(r=0.888,P<0.01,n=7),其中泥炭沼泽土表层有机质含量最高,其吸附系数也最大(86.44 mg·kg-1).硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附自由能变化量为10.68～13.45 kJ·mol-1,表明其吸附以物理吸附为主.不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的解吸能力也有一定的差别,其中草甸白浆土的解吸率最大(41.87%),泥炭沼泽土表层解吸率最小(11.79%).     

贵州丹寨县土壤-水稻中硒和重金属的积累及迁移特征

通过测定贵州丹寨县主要水稻种植区30件水稻土及对应的水稻中硒和重金属的含量,分析硒和重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb在根系土及对应水稻中的分布特征,研究了土壤有机质和pH对硒和重金属在土壤-水稻系统中迁移的影响。结果表明：该地区水稻根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.27～0.98 mg/kg,平均值为0.65 mg/kg, 70%的样品达到富硒土壤标准,但是仅23.3%水稻籽实样品达富Se大米标准。土壤重金属污染风险较大,特别是Hg和Cd,其中80%的样品Hg超《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中污染风险筛选值,但水稻籽实中尚无重金属超标现象。水稻根系对硒的富集能力相对最强,其次为茎、叶和籽实。重金属也主要积累在根系中。水稻籽实Se含量与土壤Se总量的相关性不显著,与土壤pH和有机质含量呈显著负相关。水稻籽实中Cd与土壤Se和pH呈显著的负相关关系。土壤中As和Hg向水稻的迁移则主要受总量的控制。水稻各部位Se的吸收能力与土壤重金属存在极显著负相关性,据此可采取措施如降低土壤中的重金属尤其是Cd和Hg的含量及减少有机肥的施用来提高Se在籽实中的积累。     

草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO2排放通量的相关性分析

利用静态暗箱法,对内蒙古锡林河流域的贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等草原群落样地的CO₂排放通量进行了测定;同时采集各样地的不同层次土壤混合样,分析其中有机碳和全氮的含量,探讨其与CO₂排放的相关性.结果发现:不同样地群落的CO₂排放与其土壤中不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关,相关系数(R)均0.8以上,说明在环境因子相对稳定的情况下,土壤有机碳和全氮含量直接或间接地决定生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化.另外,土壤不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量随深度增加递减,其中70%以上集中在0～30cm土层中,说明它们主要是来自地表有机质的分解;在0～100cm的土层中,土壤有机碳和全氮的总含量从贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原依次减少,表明降水量、蒸发量和干燥度是影响土壤有机碳、全氮分布的重要因子.     

三峡入库河流大宁河回水区浸没土壤及消落带土壤氮形态及分布特征

利用分级浸取分离法首次对三峡入库河流大宁河回水区表层浸没土壤、消落带土壤不同形态氮含量进行了测定,分析了各形态氮之间以及各形态氮与环境参数之间的相关性.结果表明,①浸没土壤总氮含量在436.0~921.6 mg/kg,消落带土壤总氮含量在1 253.5~2 439.8 mg/kg,与长江中下游浅水湖泊表层浸没土壤总氮含量相比,大宁河回水区表层浸没土壤总氮含量处于偏低水平.②浸没土壤可转化态氮含量在289.7~511.3 mg/kg,消落带土壤可转化态氮含量在271.6~595.1 mg/kg,有机态和硫化物结合态氮是可转化态氮的优势组分,离子交换态氮是可转化态无机氮的优势组分.③浸没土壤与消落带土壤中总氮、可转化态氮含量与有机态和硫化物结合态氮显著相关,表明样品中的可转化态氮含量的增加主要来源于有机态和硫化物结合态氮.     

Heavy metal sequential extraction methods--a modification for tropical soils

Sequential extractions of metals can be useful to study metal distributions in various soil fractions. Although several sequential extraction procedures have been suggested in the literature, most were developed for temperate soils and may not be suitable for tropical soils with high contents of Mn and Fe oxides. The objective of this study was to develop a sequential fractionation procedure for Cu and Zn in tropical soils. Extractions were performed on surface (0–20 cm) samples of ten representative soils of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Chemically reactive Mn forms were satisfactorily assessed by the new modified procedure. Amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides were more selectively extracted in a new two-step extraction. Soil-born Zn and Cu were primarily associated with recalcitrant soil fractions. The proposed procedure provided more detailed information on metal distribution in tropical soils and better characterization of the various components of the soil matrix. The new procedure is expected to be an important tool for predicting the potential effects of environmental changes and land application of metals on the redistribution of chemical forms of metals in tropical soils.     

Metals in particle-size fractions of the soils of five European cities

Soils from Aveiro, Glasgow, Ljubljana, Sevilla and Torino have been investigated in view of their potential for translocation of potentially toxic elements (PTE) to the atmosphere. Soils were partitioned into five size fractions and Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured in the fractions and the whole soil. All PTE concentrated in the <10 microm fraction. Cr and Ni concentrated also in the coarse fraction, indicating a lithogenic contribution. An accumulation factor (AF) was calculated for the <2 and <10 microm fraction. The AF values indicate that the accumulation in the finer fractions is higher where the overall contamination is lower. AF for Cr and Ni are particularly low in Glasgow and Torino. An inverse relationship was found between the AF of some metals and the percentage of <10 microm particles that could be of use in risk assessment or remediation practices.     

超顺磁性纳米材料对镉污染稻田土壤微生物和酶的影响

以磁性纳米Fe3O4和羟基磷灰石等为原料,制备出超顺磁性纳米Fe3O4-磷酸盐功能化材料(MFH),通过在镉污染稻田土壤中投加MFH,对土壤进行磁选修复.选择对Cd具有高、低富集两种水稻,在修复后土壤中进行盆栽试验,研究MFH磁选修复对土壤微生物和酶的影响,探究该材料应用于农田镉污染修复的可能性.结果表明,施用MFH修...     

Response of Lupinus albus to Pb–EDTA indicates relatively high tolerance

White lupin plants were grown in hydroponics with 0, 90 and 180 µmol L^?1 Pb(II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate complex for 30 days. Pb distribution (shoot/root ratio) was 0.34 and 0.46 for both Pb treatments. In the shoots, no decrease in biomass nor in photosynthetic pigment levels and no changes in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and glutathione were detected. In the roots, malondialdehyde increased by 20%, glutathione 2–3.6 times and phytochelatin concentrations 4–5 times. The high tolerance of white lupin makes it a valuable plant for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil.     

南方典型水稻土镉(Cd)累积规律模拟

模拟分析稻田系统镉(Cd)迁移途径和土壤Cd累积趋势有助于风险决策的科学性和合理性.本文以湖南省攸县为研究区,在多环境介质采样的基础上,构建土壤重金属污染物累积(PAM)模型,预测区域稻田土壤Cd 累积趋势,结合Monte Carlo随机模拟方法评估不同修复措施的有效性和可持续性.结果表明在当前Cd输入模式下连续耕作5...     

表面活性剂强化甲基营养型芽孢杆菌修复柴油污染土壤

使用吐温80（Tween80）、鼠里糖脂（RL）、十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和十二烷基苯硫酸钠（SDS）强化甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methylotrophicus）修复柴油污染土壤,研究了表面活性剂对甲基营养型芽孢杆菌的影响。结果表明：甲基营养型芽孢杆菌可以较好地降解柴油,但由于土壤的吸附,土壤中柴油的修复效率较低,仅为22.68%;因此,需要使用表面活性剂进行强化。浓度为3 000 mg·L-1的SDBS和SDS、2 000 mg·L-1的Tween80、500 mg·L-1的RL具有较好的洗脱效果。微生物毒性实验表明,Tween80和RL对甲基营养型芽孢杆菌具有促进作用,可以用于强化修复柴油污染土壤。2 000 mg·L-1 Tween80强化甲基营养型芽孢杆菌修复柴油土壤的修复效果（46.11%）优于500 mg·L-1 RL的修复效果（45.32%）,同时具有较好的经济性,具有较好的应用前景。