山地灾害垂直地带性及其对南水北调西线第一期工程的影响

由于形成山地灾害的多种自然因素具有垂直地带性，尤其作为主要动力因素的水，超过一定高度后由液态成为固态，从而造成了山地灾害的垂直地带性。山地灾害从高到低可分为冰雪带、冻融带和流水（古地下水，裂隙水）带，高低两带之间主体界线在南水北调西线工程及其邻近地区为4900m和3500m。各带均有其特点，其中对西线第一期工程及其下游地区可能造成重大影响的有：大型的冰崩、雪崩、冰湖崩决、滑坡或古滑坡复活、泥石流、泥石流坝或滑坡坝溃决。但这些大型山地灾害在该地区不很严重．今后出现的可能性小，只要引起重视，妥善处理，可以避免或减轻其危害。     

丹江口库区湿地生态系统的现状分析及研究展望

丹江口水库是中国南水北调中线工程的水源地,其库区湿地已被列入《中国重要湿地名录》。温地具有截留污染、蓄洪防旱、保护生物多样性等一系列重要的生态功能,因此维持丹江口库区温地生态系统的健康对中线调水工程具有非常重要的意义。在此结合丹江口库区湿地相关的研究资料,概括出库区内三种主要的湿地类型,根据生境状况重点阐述了库区消涨带湿地生态系统的特征,并分析了库区湿地的重要生态功能。在总结了丹江口库区湿地保护现状的同时分析了库区温地存在的生态环境问题,并提出了相应的管理和研究对策,以期从生态学的角度服务于库区湿地生态系统管理及中线调水工程。     

六氯苯对水体微型生物群落的影响及其吸附行为

研究了六氯苯(HCB)对微型水生生物群落的影响及其吸附、传递过程.测定了群落的耗氧量和不同粒经颗粒物的生物量及HCB变化.试验结果显示,在6μg/L HCB影响下,群落的呼吸作用受到抑制,生物量减少.试验第1天,30.0%(质量分数,下同)的HCB以溶解态存在,26.3%吸附在0.22～2 μm的颗粒物(以细菌为主)上,22.1%吸附在2～8 μm的颗粒物(以鞭毛虫和藻类为主)上,21.6%吸附在大于8 μm的颗粒物(以藻类和大型原生动物为主)上.48 h后,溶解态的HCB逐渐减少,并由食物链低营养级向高营养级传递.最后74.9%的HCB都吸附在微型生物群落等颗粒物上,只有25.1%的HCB以溶解态存在.     

中线调水工程实施后汉江下游水运条件与沿江地区发展——以荆门市为例

南水北调中线一期调水方案,拟定在汉江中下游建设系列补偿工程,即兴隆枢纽、引江济汉、局部航道整治和部分闸站改建4大工程,以减少因调水可能给汉江中下游造成的不利影响。补偿工程实施后,不仅会改变汉江下游水文条件和湖北中部河网格局,而且使汉江下游水运条件也发生新的变化：一方面可一定程度地提升河道的通航能力,另一方面开辟了新航道,改变下游水运格局。汉江中下游水运条件的变化,给沿江地区经济发展必将带来新的影响。荆门是汉江中下游交接处临江最大的省辖市,针对目前面临的发展水运的机遇及汉江水运存在的问题,应采取有力措施,振兴汉江水运,构建地方经济发展的新支点     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

Copper availability and bioavailability are controlled by rhizosphere pH in rape grown in an acidic Cu-contaminated soil

We evaluated how root-induced changes in rhizosphere pH varied and interacted with Cu availability and bioavailability in an acidic soil. Rape was grown on a Cu-contaminated acidic soil, which had been limed at 10 rates. Soil Cu bioavailability was not influenced by liming. However, liming significantly decreased CaCl₂-extracted Cu for pH between 3.7 and 5.1. Little effect was found for pH above 5.1. For soil pH < 4.4, CaCl₂-Cu contents were smaller in rhizosphere than uncropped soil. Rhizosphere alkalisation occurred at pH < 4.8, while acidification occurred at greater pH. This explained the changes of CaCl₂-Cu in the rhizosphere at low pH and the absence of pH dependency of Cu bioavailability to rape. In addition, apoplastic Cu in roots increased with increasing soil pH, most probably as a result of increased dissociation and affinity of cell wall compounds for Cu.     

南水北调工程环境管理质量保障措施初探

从组织保障、法规政策、监督管理、经济、技术等角度提出了保障南水北调工程环境管理工作有效实施的保障措施,并从加强统一领导和部门协调,推广和完善环境保护目标责任制,法制建设,对重大决策、规划与建设项目实施全过程监督和环境监测能力建设等方面进行了初步探讨.     

南水北调中线水源地汉江上游流域主要生态环境问题及对策

汉江上游是南水北调中线水源地,流域生态环境建设是保障水源地水质安全的关键.针对上游流域水环境污染、土地利用以及水土流失等重大生态环境问题,结合流域数字高程模型及水质调查对其进行了系统分析.结果表明:(1)丹江流域、库区流域及汉中盆地水质较差,COD<,Mn>和氨氮成为水源区主要污染物;(2)各子流域区植被覆盖占各自面积的71.2%～95.7%,表明流域植被覆盖较好,但沿河岸100 m范围内农业用地占29.2%～43.4%,且多为坡耕地;(3)流域水土流失严重,2000年左右流域侵蚀图显示汉江源头、秦岭南及大巴山北均出现了大片年均侵蚀模数>2 200 t/km2的区域,且有日益增强的趋势.提出加大水环境污染整治力度、加强农业用肥管理及河岸带建设、水土保持建设以及加强流域水环境及水土保持监测和科研工作等对策.     

固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法测定地表水中藻致嗅味物质

选用HLB固相萃取小柱进行富集,用二氯甲烷进行洗脱,优化了固相萃取过程,建立了固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定地表水中7种藻致嗅味物质的方法,浓度在0.004~0.1 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,具有较高的灵敏度和精密度,方法检出限为1×10-6~2×10-6mg/L,加标回收率为85.9%~108.6%,适用于地表水中嗅味物质的检测。     

超声提取-气相色谱质谱法测定大气PM2.5中正构烷烃

建立了超声提取-气相色谱质谱法测定大气PM2.5中32种正构烷烃方法,经离子温度优化、前处理比较、空白滤膜考察等获得了最佳的实验条件。研究发现,高、中、低3种浓度标准曲线的相关系数均在0.995以上,3种浓度的空白样品加标回收率分别为72.2%~117.8%、73.5%~104.4%、73.8%~109.5%,精密度均小于10%,实际样品加标回收率为75.7%~108.9%。当采样体积为24 m3时,各目标化合物的方法检出限为0.046~2.6 ng/m~3;经正构烷烃浓度范围为0.17~64.3 ng/m~3的1月及浓度范围为0.53~7.67 ng/m~3的6月的实际样品验证,该方法的检出限和测量范围也可较好的满足实际样品的测定。