模拟大气中CO2浓度增加对玉米产量和品质影响的试验研究

利用ＯＴＣ－１型开顶式气室对玉米进行了不同ＣＯ２浓度处理的试验研究。结果表明，ＣＯ２浓度增加，对玉米发育期和株高几乎没有影响，生物产量和籽粒产量呈上升趋势，籽粒成分变化较为复杂；ＣＯ２浓度增加，对玉米籽粒粗蛋白、粗纤维和总糖含量的影响呈负效应，对淀粉的影响呈正效应。     

Ozone distribution in central Italy and its effect on crop productivity

The focus of the present study was to assess the ozone levels in a typical area of the Mediterranean basin, viz. Tuscany (central Italy). Eighty-thousand hourly mean ozone concentrations were recorded by 10 automatic analysers in the districts of Florence, Pisa, Lucca and Prato, from May to September 1995 to 1997. The highest daily mean concentrations were reached in Florence, with a maximum hourly average of 197 ppb. In Lucca and Pisa, the peaks were close to 100 ppb. Data from Prato were much lower. Long-term critical levels for vegetation, as set by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), were constantly exceeded in Florence and Pisa, occasionally in Lucca, never in Prato. The results were used to fit exposure/yield response relationships proposed by UNECE and US National Crop Loss Assessment Network for some important crops. The estimated yield losses varied in Florence from 8% for corn and alfalfa to 27% for soybean, in Pisa from 5% for corn to 24% for soybean, in Lucca from 3% for corn to 17% for soybean. A preliminary economic estimate for corn, wheat, barley, soybean, tomato and alfalfa, calculated annual damage to be 4.6 M Euro in Florence, 0.5 M Euro in Lucca and 3 M Euro in Pisa. The picture must be regarded as only partial, as exposure/yield response relationships for important Italian crops (such as grapevine and vegetables) are not available.     

生物资源的多目标最佳可持续利用

在最优化控制理论的基础上,提出了生物资源的多目标最佳可持续利用的理论和方法。该理论在确定生物资源的收获量时,不但考虑到相应的经济效益和生物的种群恢复能力,同时也考虑了收获对环境和社会效益以及生物群落的影响。包括反映环境、生物、经济和社会效益在内的诸因素作为最优化的目标。为了保证理论上的最佳收获量能被应用到一个具体的生物系统,还提出了制定满意可持续收获策略的思想和方法。作为实例,本文讨论了关于凤眼莲的多目标最佳可持续利用和满意可持续收获策略。     

马尾松低产林套种木荷的林地与根际土壤养分特性的研究

马尾松低产林套种木荷的混交林林地与根际土壤养分特性研究表明，木荷根际对土壤养分的活化能力大于马尾松，这利于混交林中马尾松的生长．套种后所形成的混交林根际微区对土壤养分活化程度的提高改善了两树种的养分利用状况，这可能是低产林改造后林地土壤养分高于纯林地且林分生产力提高的主要原因之一．     

Synthesis of SnO2 quantum dots mediated by Camellia sinensis shoots for degradation of thiamethoxam

Abstract

A novel method of synthesis of tin dioxide quantum dots employing Camellia sinensis shoots as reducing agent and stabilizer is presented. The quantum dots were characterized by UV spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The crystalline tin dioxide quantum dots with an average size of 4.3?nm were of flake like morphology capped by phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis. The quantum dots were employed for the photocatalytic degradation of thiamethoxam resulting in 57% degradation within 45 mins.     

秸秆与氰胺化钙调控技术对温室黄瓜生长及氮素残留的影响

温室蔬菜生产中普遍存在着土壤硝态氮积累及地下水硝酸盐污染问题,合理调控氮素是减少氮素淋洗的重要措施之一。文章在京郊温室栽培条件下,以农户的习惯施肥措施为对照,在菜田夏季休闲期间施用秸秆-氰胺化钙并结合作物后期的氮素追施调控技术对秋冬茬黄瓜的生长及土壤硝态氮残留进行研究。结果表明:与当地农户的习惯施肥措施相比,采用秸秆-氰胺化钙综合调控技术显著提高黄瓜的产量,增产率达到20%;显著减少氮素追施数量,并具有最低的根层土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量;收获时该处理的土壤剖面(30～180cm)中硝态氮的积累量比农户习惯施肥降低388kg·hm-2,其中最明显的差异出现在30～90cm土层。表明采用秸秆-氰胺化钙综合调控措施通过土壤氮素形态的调控,明显减轻黄瓜生长季节期间的硝态氮淋洗的风险。     

200 years of sustainability in forestry: Lessons from history

Since the end of the 1980s the concept of sustainable development has gained general acceptance, but much uncertainty still exists on how to operationalize this concept. In forestry the concept of sustainability has been an accepted principle since the 18th century. The experiences with its application in forestry may contribute towards obtaining a better insight into the implications and operational significance of the concept of sustainability. This article describes the history of sustainability in forestry, including the various social values on which its interpretation has been based. The original principle of sustained yield has gradually been broadened to a more inclusive principle of sustainable forest management. The dynamics in social valuation of forest resources resulted in various attempts at practical operationalization of the principle. Notwithstanding 200 years of efforts to operationalize the concept of sustainability, its exact application in forestry remains troublesome. Three lessons are drawn: (1) the need to recognize the different nature of ecological limits and social dynamics, (2) the role of dynamic social values with respect to forest resources, and (3) the significance of operational experiences in trying to attain sustainability within a concrete context.     

POLLUTANT RUNOFF MODELS: SELECTION AND USE IN DECISION MAKING1

Models for pollutant runoff can be useful in water quality management planning if appropriately structured for the problem at hand. Accordingly, a “top-down” approach is proposed for the examination of extant pollutant runoff models. The approach consists of the identification of objectives and attributes that reflect the needs of planners and decision makers when these models are used for water quality management planning. Ideally, the attributes should concern the effect of model information on improved decision making and the cost of model application. Practical difficulties with the first attribute necessitates substitution of surrogate attributes reflecting model appropriateness, resolution, and uncertainty. Common pollutant runoff models, in particular export coefficients and hydrology-driven simulation models, are found to have serious weaknesses on some of the attribute scales. The “top-down” approach leads to a set of desirable pollutant runoff model attributes; alternate modeling techniques are thus examined in order to identify promising future directions for model development. The focus of this examination is phosphorus, due to its importance in the eutrophication of surface waters. Models for both sediment-attached and dissolved phosphorus are considered. Among the conclusions is the belief that the partial contributing area concept can yield an effective yet simple simulation despite the variable and complex nature of runoff.     

USING CROP YIELD AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RELATIONS FOR REGIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT ESTIMATION1

ABSTRACT: Values of dry biomass of corn, sugarcane, sorghum, rice, taro, millet, cotton, cowpeas, soybeans, and velvet beans as related to the evapotranspiration (ET) were studied. The linear regression model was sufficiently accurate to establish the crop dry biomass and ET relations. A water-use efficiency index (WUE), which is defined as the additional crop dry biomass per unit ET, is used in this study. The WUE were grouped into high, medium, and low categories. The WUE varied from greater than 35 kg ha^-1/mm for the high category, between 15 and 35 kg ha^-1/mm for the medium category, and less than 15 kg ha^-1/mm for the low category. Application of the established model to the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida, showed that the regional El can be predicted from the known regional crop yields. The crop yield and ET relations could be used as a potential tool to improve water resources planning and management practices for crop production.     

SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN THE HUMID REGION1

ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed in order to establish a yield predictive relationship and to estimate the water requirements for supplemental irrigation of horticultural crops in the humid region. Alternative distribution systems were developed and designed using the results from the computer model and Wood's (1980) pipe network algorithm. The capital, operational, and maintenance costs of the distribution and recommended on-farm irrigation systems were determined and used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the alternative designs. Results show that the concentration of irrigated area along the distribution system, the length of the distribution system, and cropping system all have an important effect on the economic feasibility of supplemental irrigation in Wayne County, Kentucky.