Comparison of UV and UV-LED activated sodium percarbonate for the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine

As an active metabolite of venlafaxine and emerging antidepressant, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODVEN) was widely detected in different water bodies, which caused potential harm to human health and environmental safety. In this study, the comparative work on the ODVEN degradation by UV (254 nm) and UV-LED (275 nm) activated sodium percarbonate (SPC) systems was systematically performed. The higher removal rate of ODVEN can be achieved under UV-LED direct photolysis (14.99%) than UV direct photolysis (4.57%) due to the higher values of photolysis coefficient at the wavelength 275 nm. Significant synergistic effects were observed in the UV/SPC (80.38%) and UV-LED/SPC (53.57%) systems and the former exhibited better performance for the elimination of ODVEN. The degradation of ODVEN all followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics well in these processes, and the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k_obs) increased with increasing SPC concentration. Radicals quenching experiments demonstrated that both ·OH and CO₃·⁻ were involved in the degradation of ODVEN and the second-order rate constant of ODVEN with CO₃·⁻ (1.58 × 10⁸ (mol/L)⁻¹ sec⁻¹) was reported for the first time based on competitive kinetic method. The introduction of HA, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and HCO₃⁻ inhibited the ODVEN degradation to varying degrees in the both processes. According to quantum chemical calculation, radical addition at the ortho-position of the phenolic hydroxyl group was confirmed to be the main reaction pathways for the oxidation of ODVEN by ·OH. In addition, the oxidation of ODVEN may involve the demethylation, H-abstraction, OH-addition and C-N bond cleavage. Eventually, the UV-LED/SPC process was considered to be more cost-effective compared to the UV/SPC process, although the UV/SPC process possessed a higher removal rate of ODVEN.     

利用国产环境减灾卫星遥感信息估测春小麦产量——以内蒙古陈巴尔虎旗地区为例

以内蒙古春小麦产区陈巴尔虎旗为研究实例,采用遥感方法,利用分辨率30 m的国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI数据对春小麦单产进行预测。研究选取了该卫星2009年7月29日春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI数据,同时,建立其与春小麦单产间关系,运用数理统计与回归分析方法构建了春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI与其单产的估产模型。利用地面实测春小麦单产对估产模型估测的单产进行精度检验,结果表明,基于影像提取的NDVI与春小麦实测单产有较好的抛物线状(y=cx²+bx+a)相关关系,NDVI与春小麦实测单产的相关关系达到显著水平,其相关系数R为0.87,单产相差160 kg/hm²,相对误差为-3.89%。表明利用国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI与实测春小麦单产建立的估产模型,对成熟前春小麦的单产进行估测,其估产精度也同样可达到与利用国外卫星的预估效益。     

基于叶绿素荧光成像技术的藻毒性检测法的建立及在环境监测中的应用

应用新型大面积调制叶绿素荧光成像系统(Maxi-Imaging-PAM),以蛋白核小球藻作为指示生物,以典型的光合作用抑制剂敌草隆和莠灭净为测试物质,建立了微孔板式藻毒性检测方法,确定了实验参数对结果的影响,并将该方法应用于检测石油废水的藻毒性.结果表明,最适实验条件为:藻细胞的暴露浓度在3.45×10~6～5.28×10~6 cell·mL~(-1)范围内,暴露时间为2 h时,毒性检测最灵敏,获得的敌草隆和莠灭净的半最大效应浓度(EC_(50))分别为(4.33±0.38)μg·L~(-1)和(3.87±0.27)μg·L~(-1).将该方法成功应用于某石油废水的藻毒性检测,确定其EC_(50)值为1.03%±0.07%(稀释百分数),相当于414.96μg·L~(-1)的敌草隆的毒性.本研究建立的微孔板式藻毒性检测方法具有灵敏度高、所需样品量少、可大批量测试等优点,对毒理学发展具有重要意义.     

哈尔滨市融雪径流中重金属污染空间分布及源解析

根据2018年哈尔滨市融雪径流中重金属(Fe、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和Zn)监测数据,结合气象数据,运用暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)构建了城市融雪过程水文及水质模型.对各排水口及汇水区融雪径流产出量、单位面积重金属负荷量进行了计算,并在此基础上分析了融雪径流中重金属污染的空间分布特征及主要来源.结果表明:在采集的融雪径流样品中,Fe浓度最大,平均值为4.95 mg·L~(-1);Hg浓度最小,平均值为0.542μg·L~(-1);Pb浓度变化范围最大,在32.14～254.36μg·L~(-1)之间;Hg浓度变化范围最小,为0.038～0.841μg·L~(-1).在空间分布上, Fe、Pb、Cr、Cd和Zn 5种重金属浓度的高值区均分布在人口密集的居民区、商业区及主要交通道路周围.排水口重金属污染产出量与径流量成正比,总产出量FePbCrCdHgZn. Zn产出量由高到低的排放口依次为马家沟、阿什河、松北区排放口、何家沟、道里区排放口和道外区排放口,其它5种重金属产污量总体呈现阿什河马家沟何家沟松北区排放口道里区排放口道外区排放口的趋势.Fe的单位面积负荷总量最大,为2405.94μg·m~(-2);Pb和Cr次之,为36.36μg·m~(-2)和14μg·m~(-2).主成分分析结果表明哈尔滨市春季融雪径流中重金属的主要来源依次为工业源、生活与机动车源和燃煤源,贡献率分别为43.237%、23.598%和12.012%.     

Role of water on the H-abstraction from methanol by ClO

The influence of a single water molecule on the reaction mechanism and kinetics of hydrogen abstraction from methanol(CH_3OH) by the ClO radical has been investigated using ab initio calculations. The reaction proceeds through two channels: abstraction of the hydroxyl H-atom and methyl H-atom of CH_3OH by ClO, leading to the formation of CH_3O + HOCl(+H_2O) and CH_2OH + HOCl(+H_2O), respectively. In both cases, pre-and post-reactive complexes were located at the entrance and exit channel on the potential energy surfaces. Results indicate that the formation of CH_2OH + HOCl(+H_2O) is predominant over the formation of CH_3O + HOCl(+H_2O),with ambient rate constants of 3.07 × 10-19 and 3.01 × 10~(-23) cm~3/(molecule·sec), respectively, for the reaction without water. Over the temperature range 216.7–298.2K, the presence of water is seen to effectively lower the rate constants for the most favorable pathways by 4–6 orders of magnitude in both cases. It is therefore concluded that water plays an inhibitive role on the CH_3OH + ClO reaction under tropospheric conditions.     

基于遥感信息和净初级生产力的天然橡胶估产模型

建立基于MODIS数据的天然橡胶净初级生产力遥感估算模型,利用2009年生长季(4—12月)250 m分辨率的MODIS数据和气象数据估算海南阳江农场天然橡胶的生长季净初级生产力, 通过天然橡胶的干物质分配率估算阳江农场天然橡胶的产胶潜力。用以树位为单元的地面实际干胶产量与已得到的天然橡胶林产胶潜力进行回归分析,建立天然橡胶干胶产量的估测模型。利用估产模型对阳江农场2010年7月的干胶产量进行模拟,用同期实际干胶产量对估产模型进行精度验证与实用性评价,结果显示7月估产模型均方根误差RMSE为1.78 g·m^-2,相对均方根误差RMSE_r为18.25%。研究表明,基于遥感信息和净初级生产力的天然橡胶估产模型具有较好的产量估测效果。     

Overcoming growing water scarcity: Exploring potential improvements in water productivity in India

Improvements in water productivity (WP) are often suggested as one of the alternative strategies for overcoming growing water scarcity in India. This paper explores the potential improvements in WP of food grains at district level, which currently varies between 0.11 and 1.01 kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m³), in the 403 districts that account for 98% of the total production of food grains. The paper first finds the maximum yield function conditional on consumptive water use (CWU) and then explores the potential improvements in WP by: (a) bridging the gap between actual and maximum yield while keeping CWU constant; and (b) changing the maximum yield by adjusting the CWU using supplementary or deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation in some areas may decrease yield but can increase production if land availability is not a constraint. A large potential exists for bridging the yield gap in irrigated areas with CWU between 300 and 475 mm. Of the 222 districts that fall under this category, a 50% reduction in yield gap alone could increase production by 100 million tonnes (Mt) without increasing CWU. Supplementary irrigation can increase yield and WP in rain‐fed and irrigated areas of 266 and 16 districts with CWU is below 300 mm. Deficit irrigation in irrigated areas of 185 districts with CWU above 475 mm could increase yield, WP and production. Decreasing CWU in irrigated areas with CWU between 425 and 475 mm reduces yield slightly, but if availability of land is not a constraint then the benefits due to water saving and production increases could exceed the cost.     

混合碳源制备生物絮凝剂的絮凝效能及产量预测模型

为实现混合底物的高效定向转化,以产絮菌根癌农杆菌(Agrobactrium tumefaciens)F2为研究对象,考察不同单一碳源及不同初始浓度对菌体生长、絮凝效能及絮凝剂产量的变化规律,采用BP算法构建絮凝效能及产量预测神经网络.产絮菌F2利用葡萄糖时的絮凝效能和产量分别为88.98%和2.20 g·L-1,过低的初始浓度将影响产量,不低于7.5 g·L-1为佳.以D-(+)-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖和D-甘露糖3种单糖为混合碳源,构建网络结构为3-5-2的产絮效能及絮凝剂产量预测模型,对两个输出层的预测误差范围均在4%以内,预测葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖浓度的最优解为6.59 g·L-1、1.32 g·L-1、3.57 g·L-1,经验证混合碳源发酵产絮可使絮凝效能和产量比单一葡萄糖发酵时分别提高6.87%和26.82%,本文为产絮菌F2利用含糖有机质废液发酵产絮凝剂提供数据参考.     

麦秸水热炭及其改良产物对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响

水热炭的酸性特性及材料吸附性质为其稻田回用及氨挥发损失控制提供了可能.为实现农业废弃物的资源化利用和稻田环境损失控制,本研究以小麦秸秆为原材料,通过土柱模拟试验,考察了麦秸水热炭(WHC)及其水洗改良产物(W-WHC)对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响.结果表明,麦秸水热炭及其改良产物稻田回用能够增加水稻产量,低量添加(...     

水稻产量、稻田CH4和N2O排放对长期大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO₂浓度升高（[CO₂]_e）是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响稻田生态系统碳氮循环.深入探究长期（大于10 a）[CO₂]_e对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,对保障粮食安全和评估未来气候变化意义重大.本研究以高、低应答水稻品种为供试材料,利用连续运行14 a的[CO₂]升高（free-air CO₂ enrichment,FACE）平台,共设置2个[CO₂]处理：对照（正常[CO₂],[CO₂]_a）和在[CO₂]_a基础上升高200 μmol·mol^-1（[CO₂]_e）.采用静态透明箱-气相色谱法测定稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量,并测定水稻产量.结果表明,对比[CO₂]_a,长期[CO₂]_e分别增加高、低应答水稻品种产量29%~31%（P<0.05）和12%~14%（P>0.05）;分别减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田CH₄排放21%~59%和11%~54%;同时,分别显著减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田N₂O排放70%（P<0.05）和40%（P<0.05）.水稻产量、稻田CH₄排放对长、短期[CO₂]_e的响应具有明显差异,随着[CO₂]_e年限的增加,水稻产量和稻田CH₄排放的增幅显著下降,而稻田N₂O排放无明显变化.综合考虑,长期[CO₂]_e条件下,高应答水稻品种为优先考虑种植的"增产减排"水稻品种.