民居内燃气泄漏爆炸特性及其数值仿真研究进展

为研究民居内可燃气体爆炸规律及特点,预防燃气泄漏爆炸案/事件发生,提高案/事件现场勘验与侦破效率,综述受限空间内燃气爆炸的形成机理和传播特性、现场结构和障碍物对爆炸的影响规律以及爆炸后现场勘验和重建技术方法,阐述数值仿真技术在气体爆炸案件现场勘验和重建中发挥的作用。研究结果表明：民居内燃气爆炸现场特征明显异于传统爆炸类案件现场,尤其是炸点特征存在差异;数值仿真可有效揭示燃气泄漏爆炸的形成、传播和作用机理;目前,燃气爆炸实验研究方法和体系需进一步统一,以提高研究结论普适性。研究结果可为民居内燃气爆炸现场勘验和重建提供技术支持。     

压缩空气泡沫水平管路压力损失数值模拟研究

为厘清压缩空气泡沫水平管道输运压力衰减规律,考虑压缩空气泡沫实际工程运用,利用STAR-CCM软件研究泡沫液种类、混合比和管径对湿泡沫水平管网输运过程中压力衰减的影响规律,并结合理论分析建立压缩空气泡沫水平输运过程中的压力衰减预测模型。研究结果表明：管路压降与泡沫液黏度呈正相关性,在混合液流量270 L/min,气体流量1 750 L/min条件下,相同管径高黏度抗溶性水成膜泡沫(AFFF/AR)压降约为低黏度A类和水成膜泡沫(AFFF)1.3倍;对于相同类型泡沫,混合比对管路压降影响较小,100 m长90 mm管径不同混合比之间最大压降差值约为7.21 kPa;管径对压降影响较大,相同泡沫条件下,50 mm管径压降是80 mm管径压降的约9.4倍,80 mm管径压降是100 mm管径压降的约2.8倍,当管径大于80 mm时,不同泡沫对压降的影响逐步减小。压力衰减预测模型计算的压降值与模拟值较前人开展研究所得实验值误差在18%以内,研究结果可以为压缩空气泡沫水平管网设计提供一定理论参考。     

无消防水池的变电站火灾工况数值模拟研究

当前,建于市区的变电站为了节约用地,其消防系统通常不建设消防水池,消防用水直接从市政管网取水,该消防模式下的取水安全及管网响应情况值得关注.论文以某城市中心城区为例,采用EPANET 2.0构建了供水管网模型,针对供水高峰、流量转输和事故爆管3种不利供水条件,开展了无消防水池变电站的消防系统5种不同火灾工况的水力计算与...     

引信炸药装配生产爆炸波事故后果模拟分析

对引信炸药装配药过程的危险性作了简要分析,对其危险程度进行了爆炸波事故后果模拟分析.     

电磁环境适应性试验仿真系统研究

目的 基于三维GIS(地理信息系统)构建一套仿真系统,模拟不同作战场景下电磁环境(侦察、探测、干扰、通信、导航等)对武器装备造成的影响,实现电磁环境适应性试验的仿真需求.方法 以GIS系统和电磁传播算法为基础,以模型管理、想定规划、仿真推演、态势显示和模型数据库为主要框架,提出电磁环境适应性试验仿真系统的基本结构,论述...     

大直径泥水盾构始发段掘进对近接既有地铁桥梁的影响分析

为了在大直径盾构泥水始发段保障邻近既有地铁桥梁结构的安全性和正常营运,依托京张高铁清华园隧道3#～2#盾构区间始发段施工工程,采用有限元方法建立三维精细化数值模型,分析始发段大直径盾构掘进引起邻近桥梁结构的变形规律,并给出有针对性的防护措施.研究结果表明:在大直径盾构始发施工时,在不采取防护措施的情况下,盾构工程对邻近...     

中国居民饮用水镉暴露非致癌风险的年龄分层权重

饮水是人体镉(Cd)暴露的重要途径,为了定量表征中国居民饮用水镉暴露风险,通过文献调研收集我国3类主要饮用水类型的镉浓度数据.利用回归模型获得不同年龄段人群饮水暴露参数分布模式.基于概率方法评价不同水体和不同人群由于饮用水镉暴露造成的非致癌风险.结果发现,3种类型水体镉浓度存在显著差异.自来水、未处理的地下水和地表水源...     

Opportunities for redistributed manufacturing and digital intelligence as enablers of a circular economy

The linear production of consumer goods is characterised by mass manufacture by multinational enterprises and globally dispersed supply chains. The current centralised model has created a distance between the manufacturer and end user, limiting the opportunity for intelligent circular approaches for production and consumption. Through a mixed method approach, opportunities of circularity are explored for the consumer goods sector. The study presents four lenses to analyse three enterprises through a multi-case study approach to explore the potential of digital intelligence and redistributed manufacturing (RDM) as enablers of circular business models. In addition, the study examines whether Discrete Event Simulation can be used to evaluate the circular scenarios identified through quantifying flows of material that determine traditional economic value (cost/tonne). The mixed method approach demonstrates that, a qualitative systemic analysis can reveal opportunities for circularity, gained through implementing ‘digital intelligence’ and distributed models of production and consumption. Furthermore, simulations can provide a quantified evaluation on the effects of introducing circular activities across a supply chain.     

Analysis of mechanics of side impact test defined in UN/ECE Regulation 129

Objective: This article discusses differences between a side impact procedure described in United Nations/Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) Regulation 129 and scenarios observed in real-world cases.

Methods: Numerical simulations of side impact tests utilizing different boundary conditions are used to compare the severity of the Regulation 129 test and the other tests with different kinematics of child restraint systems (CRSs). In the simulations, the authors use a validated finite element (FE) model of real-world CRSs together with a fully deformable numerical model of the Q3 anthropomorphic test device (ATD) by Humanetics Innovative Solution, Inc.

Results: The comparison of 5 selected cases is based on the head injury criterion (HIC) index. Numerical investigations reveal that the presence of oblique velocity components or the way in which the CRS is mounted to the test bench seat fixture is among the significant factors influencing ATD kinematics. The results of analyses show that the side impact test procedure is very sensitive to these parameters. A side impact setup defined in Regulation 129 may minimize the effects of the impact.

Conclusions: It is demonstrated that an artificial anchorage in the Regulation 129 test does not account for a rotation of the CRS, which should appear in the case of a realistic anchorage. Therefore, the adopted procedure generates the smallest HIC value, which is at the level of the far-side impact scenario where there are no obstacles. It is also shown that the presence of nonlateral acceleration components challenges the quality of a CRS and its headrest much more than a pure lateral setup.     

The combined effects of on-road and simulator training with feedback on older drivers' on-road performance: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial

Objective: A number of training programs that seek to improve driving performance among older drivers are available accompanied by a growing interest in their effectiveness. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the combined effect of (1) basic in-class training (BT); (2) on-road training with individualized feedback (OR); and (3) training on a driving simulator (S).

Methods: Using a randomized controlled trial study design, 78 older drivers were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups (BT, BT + OR, or BT + OR + S). All participants completed a pre- and postintervention on-road driving evaluation on a standardized route. The driving evaluations were recorded using video and Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment and were scored by a blind assessor.

Results: The results indicated a significant reduction of approximately 30% in overall number of driving errors/omissions among participants in the BT + OR and the BT + OR + S groups in comparison to participants in the BT group.

Conclusions: This study adds to the mounting evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of individualized driver training in improving safe driving among older adults.