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431.
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Abstract: Globally, ecosystems are under increasing anthropogenic pressure; thus, many are at risk of elimination. This situation has led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to propose a quantitative approach to ecosystem‐risk assessment. However, there is a need for their proposed criteria to be evaluated through practical examples spanning a diverse range of ecosystems and scales. We applied the IUCN's ecosystem red‐list criteria, which are based on changes in extent of ecosystems and reductions in ecosystem processes, to New Zealand's 72 naturally uncommon ecosystems. We aimed to test the applicability of the proposed criteria to ecosystems that are naturally uncommon (i.e., those that would naturally occur over a small area in the absence of human activity) and to provide information on the probability of ecosystem elimination so that conservation priorities might be set. We also tested the hypothesis that naturally uncommon ecosystems classified as threatened on the basis of IUCN Red List criteria contain more threatened plant species than those classified as nonthreatened. We identified 18 critically endangered, 17 endangered, and 10 vulnerable ecosystems. We estimated that naturally uncommon ecosystems contained 145 (85%) of mainland New Zealand's taxonomically distinct nationally critical, nationally endangered, and nationally vulnerable plant species, 66 (46%) of which were endemic to naturally uncommon ecosystems. We estimated there was a greater number of threatened plant species (per unit area) in critically endangered ecosystems than in ecosystems classified as nonthreatened. With their high levels of endemism and rapid and relatively well‐documented history of anthropogenic change, New Zealand's naturally uncommon ecosystems provide an excellent case‐study for the ongoing development of international criteria for threatened ecosystems. We suggest that interactions and synergies among decline in area, decline in function, and the scale of application of the criteria be used to improve the IUCN criteria for threatened ecosystems. 相似文献
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Hydraulic constraints on the performance of a groundwater denitrification wall for nitrate removal from shallow groundwater 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Schipper LA Barkle GF Hadfield JC Vojvodic-Vukovic M Burgess CP 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2004,69(3-4):263-279
Denitrification walls are a practical approach for decreasing non-point source pollution of surface waters. They are constructed by digging a trench perpendicular to groundwater flow and mixing the aquifer material with organic matter, such as sawdust, which acts as a carbon source to stimulate denitrification. For efficient functioning, walls need to be permeable to groundwater flow. We examined the functioning of a denitrification wall constructed in an aquifer consisting of coarse sands. Wells were monitored for changes in nitrate concentration as groundwater passed through the wall and soil samples were taken to measure microbial parameters inside the wall. Nitrate concentrations upstream of the wall ranged from 21 to 39 g N m(-3), in the wall from 0 to 2 g N m(-3) and downstream from 19 to 44 g N m(-3). An initial groundwater flow investigation using a salt tracer dilution technique showed that the flow through the wall was less than 4% of the flow occurring in the aquifer. Natural gradient tracer tests using bromide and Rhodamine-WT confirmed groundwater bypass under the wall. Hydraulic conductivity of 0.48 m day(-1) was measured inside the wall, whereas the surrounding aquifer had a hydraulic conductivity of 65.4 m day(-1). This indicated that during construction of the wall, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer had been greatly reduced, so that most of the groundwater flowed under rather than through the wall. Denitrification rates measured in the center of the wall ranged from 0.020 to 0.13 g N m(-3) day(-1), which did not account for the rates of nitrate removal (0.16-0.29 g N m(-3) day(-1)) calculated from monitoring of groundwater nitrate concentrations. This suggested that the rate of denitrification was greater at the upstream face of the wall than in its center where it was limited by low nitrate concentrations. While denitrification walls can be an inexpensive tool for removing nitrate from groundwater, they may not be suitable in aquifers with coarse textured subsoils where simple inexpensive construction techniques result in major decreases in hydraulic conductivity. 相似文献
435.
近年来,生物法处理染料废水已成为国内外的研究热点。文章实验室通过梯度驯化,从土壤中分离筛选得到一株能有效脱色磺基化偶氮染料酸性红GR的菌株C-2,根据16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定为Acinetobacter sp.。采用表面响应法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)对菌株C-2脱色酸性红GR的主要影响因素进行了优化,实验结果表明最优条件为:接种量17.5 g/L,酸性红GR初始浓度100 mg/L,酵母粉浓度2.50 g/L,果糖浓度3.00 g/L。在该条件下,14 h内脱色率可达99%。同时,利用Haldane方程对菌株的脱色动力学进行拟合,最大脱色速率vmax、亲和常数Ks和抑制常数Ksi分别为328.33 mg/(g.h)、309.69 mg/L和1 365.83 mg/L,并且经计算,最佳脱色速率和GR浓度分别为105.91 mg/goh、650.37 mg/L。研究结果表明菌株C-2具有较高的偶氮染料脱色活性,用于实际染料废水的生物修复具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
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437.
Wenchao Jiang Ping Tang Zhen Liu Huan He Qian Sui Shuguang Lyu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(2):18
438.
采用水射流空化强化TiO2光催化处理活性艳红X-3B模拟废水3.3 L,进行了自来水与蒸馏水的效果比较并初步研究了反应温度、催化剂投加量、溶液pH、染料初始质量浓度以及空化管喉管直径对染料去除率的影响。针对模拟废水,实验结果表明:该工艺克服了传统光催化技术中催化剂容易团聚的不足,使反应能够持续进行。溶剂全部为蒸馏水的脱色率和表观反应动力学常数分别是溶剂全部为自来水的2.1倍和4.2倍。在最优条件下:染料初始质量浓度30 mg/L,pH 3.0,温度60℃,TiO2投加量150 mg/L,反应进行90 min后染料脱色率可以达到96%。而在结合实际情况优化后的推荐值下,pH 6.0,温度40℃,空化管喉管直径选用1.5mm,其它条件不变,染料脱色率及COD去除率分别为69%和54%,该结果更能指导实践。 相似文献
439.
Danae S. Doulia Efstathios K. Anagnos Konstantinos S. Liapis Demetrios A. Klimentzos 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2018,53(8):534-545
The aim of this study was to determine the potential of seven clarifying agents to remove pesticides in red wine. The presence of pesticides in wine consists a great problem for winemakers and therefore, results on pesticide removal by clarification are very useful for taking a decision on the appropriate adsorbent. The selection of an efficient adsorbent can be based on data correlating pesticide removal in red wine to pesticides' properties, given the great number and variety of pesticides used. So, this experimental work is focused on the collection of results with regard to pesticide removal by clarification using a great number of pesticides and fining agents. A Greek red wine, fortified with single solutions and mixtures of 23 or 9 pesticides was studied. The seven fining agents, used at two concentrations, were activated carbon, bentonite, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), gelatin, egg albumin, isinglass-fish glue, and casein. Pesticides were selected with a wide range of properties (octanol–water partition coefficient (log Kow) 2.7–6.3 and water solubility 0.0002–142) and belong to 11 chemical groups. Solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD) were performed to analyze pesticide residues of the clarified fortified wine. The correlation of the clarifying agents' effectiveness to pesticide's chemical structure and properties (log Kow, water solubility) was investigated. The antagonistic and/or synergistic effects, occurring among the pesticides in the mixtures, were calculated by indices. Pesticide removal effectiveness results of the red wine were compared to those obtained from a white wine under the same experimental conditions and discussed. The order of decreasing adsorbent effectiveness (mixture of 23 pesticides) was: activated carbon 40% > gelatin 23% > egg albumin 21% > PVPP 18% > casein 12% > bentonite 7%. Isinglass showed 12% removal at the highest permitted concentration. In the case of 9 pesticides mixture, the effectiveness was quite higher but the order remained the same compared to 23 pesticides mixture. The removal of each pesticide from its single solution was generally the highest (particularly for hydrophobic pesticides). Adsorption on fining agents is increased by increasing hydrophobicity and decreasing hydrophilicity of organic pesticide molecules. 相似文献
440.