秦皇岛市海洋生态环境保护与建设探讨

本文通过对秦皇岛市海洋生态环境质量的调查分析,提出了影响生态环境 的主要问题,进而对该海域的生态环境保护与生态建设提出了切实可行的对策。     

活性染料染色模拟液的电化学混凝研究

本文以铁电极电解装置处理活性翠篮K-GL及活性红M-8B染料染色模拟液,研究了电流密度,溶液pH值同模拟液脱色率及COD去除率的关系,同时还考察了PVA对于模拟液脱色及去除COD的影响。     

Quantifying Purported Competition with Individual‐ and Population‐Level Metrics

Abstract: Competitive species interactions may contribute to population declines. Purportedly, Red‐bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus), a common species, and Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis), an endangered species, compete for roosting and nesting cavities in living pine trees. To determine whether behavioral interactions measured at the individual level manifest themselves at the population level, we conducted field experiments designed to test whether the presence of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers resulted in a decrease in fitness to Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers. As part of a 4‐year study examining the nature of interspecific interactions in two populations of Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (one stable, the Apalachicola Ranger District; one declining, the Wakulla Ranger District) in the Apalachicola National Forest, Florida, we conducted a set of Red‐bellied Woodpecker removal experiments. Paradoxically, following the removal of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers, we observed decreases in Red‐cockaded Woodpecker group size, proportion of nests that were successful, and proportion of individuals remaining on territories. Removal of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers may have exaggerated the immigration rate of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers to Red‐cockaded Woodpecker territories. The Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers in the Apalachicola Ranger District likely can withstand pressure from immigrating Red‐bellied Woodpeckers given that their population has remained relatively stable despite the presence of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers. A major factor of population persistence in the Wakulla Ranger District was the high turnover rate of adult female Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers, a phenomenon that was exacerbated by removal of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers. Relying solely on observations of apparently competitive interactions between individuals may not necessarily provide information about population‐level outcomes. Paradoxically, removing species that appear to be competitors may harm species of concern.     

活性艳红X-3B的厌氧生物降解与机理

以活性艳红X-3B(RBR)为研究对象,分3个不同浓度组研究其在厌氧颗粒污泥作用下的降解性能,并采用生物降解动力学方程拟合其降解过程,同时利用GC-MS分析RBR的生物降解途径.试验结果表明,RBR在厌氧颗粒污泥中降解性能很好,去除率可达93.67%,且其降解过程符合二级反应动力学,其半衰期约为3.561 h.从GC-MS和UV-可见光谱的分析得出,RBR在厌氧颗粒污泥的作用下偶氮键断裂,且生成的芳香胺类化合物进一步降解为小分子的烃类、酚类、醇类和脂类化合物.     

三维粒子电极催化氧化活性艳红X-3B实验研究

采用浸渍焙烧法制备了Cu/γ-Al2O3、Cu-Co/γ-Al2O3粒子电极,TiO2/Ti为阳极、石墨为阴极,采用三维电极降解染料模拟废水活性艳红X-3B溶液,考察了粒子电极、槽电压、pH值、电解质浓度等因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:该反应器能够有效的降解X-3B,粒子电极显示了较高的催化活性,双组分粒子电极Cu-Co/γ-Al2O3比单组分粒子电极Cu/γ-Al2O3有着更好的催化效果,降解机制主要是电致·OH的间接氧化和粒子电极表面的直接氧化的协同作用。     

醌介体催化强化酸性红B生物脱色

考察了5种结构相似的醌介体(AQS、2,7-AQDS、AQDS、1,5-AQDS和α-AQS)对酸性红B生物脱色的催化强化作用。结果表明,反应进行至5 h,在0～0.24 mmol/L AQS的浓度范围内,最高脱色率达89%(0.24 mmol/L),相对于空白组(28%)提高约3.2倍,且零级反应速率常数K与介体浓度呈正相关线性关系,K=56.571CAQS+22.616(R2=0.9012);最适实验条件为AQS浓度0.24 mmol/L,0.25%NaCl,温度35℃,pH 7;在此实验条件下,5种醌介体相对于空白组脱色效率分别提高了1.14～1.53倍,体系氧化还原电位降低了38～87 mV。本研究为解决偶氮染料生物脱色技术存在的降解速率低的问题提供了新的思路。     

厌氧条件下活性翠蓝生物降解性能研究

通过试通,考察厌氧条件下金属络合型活性染料活性翠蓝的生物降解过程,表明活性翠蓝的厌氧降解过程是氧菌对活性翠蓝与葡萄糖产生共代谢作用的结果,通过4因素3水平正交试验,厌氧条件下pH值,葡萄糖浓度,染料浓度对活性翟蓝降解率的影响是显著的,而污泥浓度的影响不显著,经正交试验确定,当pH＝6,葡萄糖浓度＝0.5g/L,染料浓主工＝20mg/L时,有利于达到较高的活性翠蓝降解率。     

Responses of the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to sublethal aluminium levels in an artificial soil substrate

Industrial discharges of Al are increasingly common. In this study, the activities of three antioxidases, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and changes in coelomocytes were investigated in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to different concentrations of aluminium chloride (range 0–200 mg Al kg^?1 dry soil) in artificial soils for 32 days. Within the first 16 days of Al exposure, catalase activity was elevated in most treatments, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were inhibited in all treatments. After 16 days exposure, SOD and GSH-Px activities returned to normal at lower Al concentrations, but were still inhibited at higher concentrations, hence the inhibition of SOD and GSH-Px showed some exposure-level dependence during the late exposure phase. MDA content was significantly elevated from 16 days after initial exposure. Neutral Red retention time of coelomocytes decreased at the highest exposure concentrations after 32 days, and an increased proportion of cells showing membrane damage was also observed at this time using flow cytometry. We conclude that excessive Al in soils can cause oxidative stress and cell damage in earthworms. Hence, Al accumulation in the environment may present an ecological hazard through suppression of the important functions of earthworms in soil ecosystems.     

影响赤潮的气象因素分析

以 1 998年 7～ 1 0月辽东湾海域赤潮为例 ,分析了气象因素对赤潮全过程的影响。分析表明 :气温、降水、光照、风速等气象因素与赤潮的发生、发展和消亡有密切的关系 ,气象条件是诱发赤潮的关键因素。在温度适宜的情况下 ,降水量的多少对赤潮的发生、发展有关键的作用。最后探讨了利用气象因素与赤潮的关系进行赤潮发生、发展的气象潜势预报的基本思路     

Metal-related oxidative stress in birds

Metals can cause oxidative stress by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which render antioxidants incapable of defence against growing amounts of free radicals. Metal toxicity is related to their oxidative state and reactivity with other compounds. Our aim is to review the mechanisms on how metals cause oxidative stress and what is known about metal-induced oxidative stress in wildlife. Taking birds as model organisms, we summarize the mechanisms responsible for antioxidant depletion and give a view of how to detect metal-induced oxidative stress in birds by using different biomarkers. The mechanisms producing the harmful effects of oxidative stress are complex with different biomolecular mechanisms associated with ecotoxicological and ecological aspects. The majority of the studies concerning metals and ROS related to oxidative stress have focused on the biomolecular level, but little is known about the effects at the cellular level or at the level of individuals or populations.