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141.
Grard Bertolini 《Resources Policy》2003,29(3-4):153-164
On the basis of the data Comext from Eurostat, this paper presents 2001 data on the main exchanges (flows) intra-European Union (EU) and with the rest of the world (extra-EU), by countries (for the main countries which are concerned), tonnage and value, by categories of recovered materials and products. A synoptic table is established, the results are summarized, and initial comments are provided. Moreover the evolution from 1995 to 2001 is discussed.The second part of the paper examines what these data tell us:
- * whether they are consistent with the main theories of international trade, and which factors explain these exchanges,
- * what is the extent of foreign trade of recovered products and materials,
- * to what extent the EU appears as ‘an economic entity’,
- * and possible effects of the enlargement of the EU.
Keywords: International trade; European Union; Recovery; Recycling 相似文献
142.
The discrepancy between verbal and actual commitment in waste recycling and environmental behavior is thought to have attenuated
the effectiveness of many environmental policy and measures. Studies purport to show the existence of such a value-action
gap in environmental issues has been largely based on matching the verbal commitment to environmental value through self-reported
environmental behavioral data. Therefore, there is a lack of direct evidence to prove that such a discrepancy exists. This
study demonstrates a methodology (contrasting on-site observation with self-reported results) to measure the gap between verbal
commitment and actual recycling behavior and provides an explanation on the recycling behavior of students at Hong Kong Baptist
University in the hope that the lessons learnt can be generalized to a wider context. Our findings indicate that a gap between
verbal recycling commitment and corresponding action does exist in waste recycling on this university campus. By using multiple
linear regression analysis, we found that the self-reported recycling behavior of undergraduates cannot be meaningfully explained
by most variables previously suggested in the general value-action model. 相似文献
143.
The recycling of rubber from old tyres by batch hydrogenation has been performed using tubing bomb reactors. Important process variables like temperature, reaction time, initial hydrogen pressure and nature of gas used have been studied. In all the runs the maximum total conversion was achieved. Conversion products are comprised of oils and gases, being the asphaltene yield lower than 1% in all conditions tested. The most valuable conversion products, oils, have been systematically analysed by TLC-FID1 and the influence of the process variables in oils composition has been assessed. From the obtained results, it can be deduced that the conversion of rubber in oils is a fast thermal process, which is neither affected by initial pressure nor the nature of gas used. But on the other hand, the nature of obtained oils and gases is a function of process variables. 相似文献
144.
田野 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2002,12(4):33-34
本文简要阐述了作者对循环经济的认识以及发展循环经济的必要性,并面向级政府和政府部门提出了对发展循环经济的几点建议。 相似文献
145.
146.
Paul D. Jensen Lauren BassonEmma E. Hellawell Malcolm R. Bailey Matthew Leach 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2011,55(7):703-712
Geographic proximity is said to be a key characteristic of the resource reuse and recycling practice known as industrial symbiosis. To date, however, proximity of symbiont companies has remained an abstract characteristic. By conducting a statistical analysis of synergies facilitated by the United Kingdom's National Industrial Symbiosis Programme during their first five years of operation, this article attempts to quantify geographic proximity and in the process provide practitioners with an insight into the movement trends of different waste streams. Among other it was found that the median distance materials travelled within a symbiotic relationship is 20.4 miles. It is argued that quantitative information of this form is of practical value for the effective deployment of industrial symbiosis practitioners and wider resource efficiency planning. The results and discussion presented within this article are specific to industrial symbiosis opportunities facilitated within the United Kingdom; the methodology and assessment of resource movement influences are, however, expected to be relevant to all countries in which industrial activity is similarly mature and diversified. 相似文献
147.
Jeong-a ParkSeok-jin Hong Ik KimJi-yong Lee Tak Hur 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2011,55(4):456-462
Material flow analysis (MFA) is an evaluation technique that systematically identifies the flows and stocks of materials within predefined spatial and temporal boundaries. In this paper, the steel resources in Korea are investigated using dynamic MFA. Iron ore and steel scrap are added as raw material components during the production processes of steel, which is then used in a variety of product groups such as construction products, transportation equipment, machinery/metal products, electrical/electronic devices, and other products through fabrication and manufacturing processes. When such product groups are discarded, they are either recycled or landfilled. With consideration for the lifetimes of various product groups in conjunction with steel resource flows in Korea, dynamic MFA is conducted on the flows of steel stock change and annual scrap generation. By 2020, these two flows are expected to increase by as much as 40% and 30%, respectively, compared to 2008, with transportation equipment, in particular, envisaged to experience high growth. At the current recycling rate, however, it will be hard to meet future scrap demand. According to the scenario analysis, 100% of this future scrap demand can be supplied domestically if the recycling rate is increased to over 70% for all product groups, except construction products and transportation equipment, which already have high recycling rates. By 2020, the reduction in scrap importation costs is projected to offer a financial gain of 2.3 billion dollars. 相似文献
148.
The paper provides a model for the cutting of reinforced concrete members with stream-line cutting tools. The model is an extended version of the energy model originally developed by Momber and Kovacevic (1995) for hydro-abrasive machining. The model allows the stepwise calculation of the energy absorbed during the cutting of the two parts of the compound - steel bar and matrix material. Hydro-abrasive cutting tests on different cementitious composites are performed in order to verify the numerical results. It is shown that the cutting process can be subdivided into four cutting stages whose locations depended on the energy locally available at the erosion site. 相似文献
149.
Simone ManfrediDavide Tonini Thomas H. Christensen 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2011,55(11):995-1004
Several alternatives exist for handling of individual waste fractions, including recycling, incineration and landfilling. From an environmental point of view, the latter is commonly considered as the least desirable option. Many studies based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) highlight the environmental benefits offered by incineration and especially by recycling. However, the landfilling option is often approached unjustly in these studies, maybe disregarding the remarkable technological improvements that landfills have undergone in the last decades in many parts of the world.This study, by means of LCA-modelling, aims at comparing the environmental performance of three major management options (landfilling, recycling and incineration or composting) for a number of individual waste fractions. The landfilling option is here approached comprehensively, accounting for all technical and environmental factors involved, including energy generation from landfill gas and storage of biogenic carbon. Leachate and gas emissions associated to each individual waste fraction have been estimated by means of a mathematical modelling. This approach towards landfilling emissions allows for a more precise quantification of the landfill impacts when comparing management options for selected waste fractions.Results from the life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) show that the environmental performance estimated for landfilling with energy recovery of the fractions “organics” and “recyclable paper” is comparable with composting (for “organics”) and incineration (for “recyclable paper”). This however requires high degree of control over gas and leachate emissions, high gas collection efficiency and extensive gas utilization at the landfill. For the other waste fractions, recycling and incineration are favourable, although specific emissions of a variety of toxic compounds (VOCs, PAHs, NOx, heavy metals, etc.) may significantly worsen their environmental performance. 相似文献
150.
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste, being already the largest waste fraction in industrialized countries, is expected to increase in the future. C&D waste recycling has been considered to be a valuable option not only for minimizing C&D waste streams to landfills but also for mitigating primary mineral resource depletion. Even though the use of recycled mineral construction materials (RMCM) is regulated and successful application examples are available, construction stakeholders do not yet broadly apply them. Although various criteria hindering a transition towards a broader application of RMCM have been identified, it is yet unknown how these criteria differ among decisions, stakeholders and applications. We therefore analyze construction stakeholders’ behavior, and decision-making regarding RMCM for the construction material market in Switzerland. Stakeholders’ decision-making was quantified with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in a survey in combination with their behavior. The results demonstrate the importance of stakeholder interaction, i.e. most stakeholders decide which material to apply based on interaction with other stakeholders e.g., recommendations and specifications. However, the initial general specification by awarding authorities that construction should be sustainable has little relevance to the subsequent material decisions. On the contrary the role of the recommendation of engineers, have a high impact on the subsequent decisions by the other stakeholders. Results also confirm that RMCM are broadly accepted in civil engineering (CE), whereas in structural engineering (SE) RMCM are still a niche product. The good alignment of the outcome of decision modeling with observed behavior shows the usefulness of analyzing decision-making with AHP. 相似文献