三峡库区柏木林降雨的再分配及养分循环研究

以三峡库区柏木林为对象,定量研究了雨季（７月）林分中降雨的再分配及Ｎ、Ｐ两种养分元素的循环过程。研究结果表明：１）穿透雨量占总降雨量的７９．７０％,树干茎流占总降雨量的１．１７％,树冠截留量占总降雨量的１９．１３％,地表径流系数平均为１９８％;２）由于淋溶作用,实际进入林地的穿透雨和树干茎流中总Ｎ和总Ｐ的含量均升高了较大的幅度。降雨时总Ｎ和总Ｐ含量的相对平衡值分别为０４６１ ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．０７５ ｍｇ／Ｌ,淋溶系数为１．８６和２．９４,迁移系数为０．５７和０．２９;３）柏木林生态系统中,Ｎ的总贮量为３６． ００ ｘ１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,Ｐ的总贮量为２．５１２ Ｘ １０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,其绝大部分（Ｎ为 ９９． ５％, Ｐ为 ９８． ８％）贮藏在土壤库中; ４）在有燃料输出的情况下,系统中的 Ｎ和 Ｐ循环效率分别为０．４３和０．４１。燃料的输出导致系统Ｎ和Ｐ循环效率降低,土壤中养分减少,从而导致系统养分的缺乏,生产力下降。     

酸沉降区域碱性湖泊中汞的生物地球化学循环演化研究意义

大量研究表明,酸沉降引起酸化敏感性湖泊湖水的酸化,会影响湖泊系统汞的赋存状态和相互转化。但是,对于酸沉降同时引起的湖泊SO42 的增加是否会影响湖泊汞的赋存状态和相互转化尚存在分歧。而对于非酸化敏感湖泊,受酸沉降影响湖水仍然呈现碱性的湖泊结果如何还不清楚。据此,本文综述了湖泊体系中汞的生物地球化学循环演化规律,并总结近年来的研究成果,结合我国西南地区湖泊所处的特殊地质环境及其污染和研究现状,指出对酸沉降区域碱性湖泊中汞的生物地球化学演化规律进行研究的必要性和重大意义。     

Effects of redox potential on soil cadmium solubility: Insight into microbial community

Understanding the role of microbes in the solubility of cadmium (Cd) is of fundamental importance for remediation of Cd toxicity. The present study aimed to identify the microbes that involved in regulating Cd solubility and to reveal possible mechanisms. Therefore, microbial communities were investigated through high-throughput sequencing approach, the molecular ecological network was constructed and metagenomes were predicted. Our results indicated that redox conditions affected both the solubility of soil Cd and the microbial communities. Anaerobic microbes, such as Anaerolineaceae, did not only play important roles in shaping the microbial community in soils, but might also be involved in regulating the Cd solubility. Two possible mechanisms that how Anaerolineaceae involved in Cd solubility are (1) Anaerolineaceae are important organic matter degraders under anoxic conditions and (2) Anaerolineaceae can co-exist with methane metabolism microbes, while methane metabolism promotes the precipitation of soluble Cd. Thus, application of Anaerolineaceae in bioremediation of soil Cadmium contamination is a potential approach. The study provided a novel insight into the role of microbial community in the regulation of Cd solubility under different redox conditions, and suggested a potential approach for the remediation of soil Cd contamination.     

太湖竺山湾藻华黑水团区沉积物中Fe、S、P的含量及其形态变化

对因藻华大量聚集死亡而造成水体呈强还原环境(DO=0.14 mg.L-1,Eh=-89.3 mV)的黑水团区中Fe-S-P的生物地球化学变化特征进行研究.结果表明,藻细胞残体的沉降使得黑水区沉积物表层有机质含量显著增加;因藻细胞残体的贡献,沉积物表层中Org-P含量急剧增加(比非黑水区多72 mg.kg-1);受较低Eh的影响,沉积物中与Fe结合的磷出现解析,使得黑水区沉积物中活性铁和PO43--P含量增加,黑水区中沉积物间隙水PO43--P要远高于非黑水团区,表明其有向上覆水释放的趋势;造成沉积物中Fe-P含量比非黑水区中的要低.在强还原条件下沉积物中铁的氧化物呈现出由结晶态向无定形态转化的趋势(Dithio-Fe比非黑水区高达30μmol.g-1),从而使得可供生物利用的活性铁含量增加,这为藻华再次发生提供了有利条件.黑水区表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)在初始阶段大量增加,但后期由于形成了H2S气体逸散到水体中其含量反而减少;表层沉积物硫化物含量也呈增加现象(比非黑水区表层沉积物中要高50μmol.g-1).     

皖南山区降水酸性特征与元素沉降通量

以位于北亚热带的安徽南部丘陵地区为研究区域,2007年4～11月间通过定期监测雨水以及对其pH和主要阴阳离子的测定,分析了该地区降水的酸性特征与H⁺和其他元素的沉降通量.结果表明,在皖南地区雨水pH的平均值为4.61, 酸雨频率高达92%.Ca²⁺是含量最高的阳离子,平均浓度为68.82 μeq/L,SO^2-₄是含量较高的阴离子其浓度为39.69 μeq/L. SO^2-₄/NO^-₃的平均值是1.23, 反映了大气污染特征是SO₂与NO_{x并重的复合型污染.雨水中各离子含量和输入量的动态变化表明该地区大气NOx主要是近源的农业活动所引起,SO2主要来自远源工业污染,盐基离子的变化则有北方沙尘远源传输的影响.2007年4～11月降水输入的盐基离子总量为1289 eq/hm²,NO^-3和SO^2-4的总量为926 eq/hm²,H⁺总量为360 eq/hm²,表明酸沉降对区域生态环境的影响不容忽视.}     

Preparation, characterization and performance of an electrospun carbon nanofiber mat applied in hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution

Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), a highly toxic oxyanion known as a carcinogen and mutagen,is an issue of concern due to its adverse impact on human health. Therefore, development of effective technologies and/or materials for Cr(VI) removal from water has been of great interest for researchers. In this study, an electrospun carbon nanofiber(CNF) mat was prepared via electrospinning polyacrylonitrile(PAN), followed by thermal pre-oxidation and carbonization. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observation showed that the fiber diameter of the CNF with carbonization temperature of 950°C(CNF_(950)) was about 266 nm.Potentiometric titration analysis demonstrated that the point of zero charge p H(pHpzc) of CNF_(950) was around 7.93. CNF_(950) demonstrated high adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics for Cr(VI) at pH 3. Langmuir isotherm calculations showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) on CNF_(950) was 118.8 mg/g at pH 2. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) on CNF_(950) was well described by the Redlich–Peterson model, revealing that Cr(VI)adsorption was the result of a combination of monolayer and multilayer adsorption,depending on the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Solution pH greatly affected Cr(VI) adsorption onto CNF_(950) due to the electrostatic interaction, and the adsorption capacity was relatively high when pH was below 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis revealed that the removal of Cr(VI) might be the result of a combination of redox reaction and electrostatic adsorption. The adsorption-saturated CNF_(950) could be regenerated by NaOH solution. This study extends the potential applicability of electrospun CNF mats for Cr(VI)-contaminated water purification.     

江苏省案例地区牲畜养殖养分循环与环境效应

运用案例区域调查法和养分物质分析法,对江苏牲畜养殖场饲料、牲畜排泄物、土壤、地表及地下水体养分状况进行了调查、分析对牲畜规模养殖中的养分循环与管理及其环境效应进行了评价.研究表明,牲畜养殖中液体粪水的排放和露天堆放固体粪便的淋失易造成环境问题.地表水体之间的水力联系和地表径流是造成牲畜养殖废弃物环境问题的主要途径.虽然采取固体粪便与液体粪水相分离的方法在一定程度上减少了对环境的影响,但液体粪水仍是污染环境的主要来源.本文还对液体粪水的处理与利用、牲畜排泄物的利用与养分管理提出了建议.     

土壤氮素生物地球化学循环的研究现状与进展

氮素的生物地球化学循环不仅影响土壤生产力,还会引起全球环境变化,其过程主要包括氮素矿化、固氮、 氮素硝化和反硝化、铵离子的吸附和释放。文章全面综述了氮素生物地球化学过程研究的现状与进展及其可能存 在的问题。     

尾叶桉营养元素动态和循环分析

在福建平和天马林场，对尾叶桉生长过程中营养元素的动态变化进行了为期5a的研究。结果表明，尾叶桉平均每年胸径增长2.46cm，树高增长2.50m，枝，叶，干（干村和干皮）和根中5种主要营养元素的总量（N＋P＋K＋Ca Mg)分别为17.11gKg^-1，33．38gKg^-1，9．66gKg^-1和12．75gKg^-1，平均每年吸收5种主要营养元素量338．31kghm^-2a^-1,平均每年纯吸收5种主要营养元素量188．21hm^-2a^-1，平均每年归还5种主要营养元素量150．10hm^-2a^-1，平均循环率为44．37％。表4参6     

珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环研究

主要研究了珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环特点，并探讨其对土壤中硫累积的影响．结果表明，珠江口五个红树群落硫的贮存量平均为１７０．４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；在群落硫元素的生物循环中，年存留量平均为１７．６０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年归还量平均为３５．６０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年吸收量平均为５３．２０４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，周转期为３－８ａ，富集率均大于１．选定浅海沉积物的平均含硫量作为林下土壤成土母质的本底含硫量，估算红树植物生长后土壤含硫量的变化，并与群落硫的年归还量作比较．红树林对其林下土壤硫的累积作用有两方面，一是对海水硫的生物选择吸收与归还，二是为海水中的ＳＯ４（２－）为黄铁矿提供有机还原剂和嫌气微生物的能源，尤以后者的作用更重要．