川西亚高山云杉人工林与天然林养分分布和生物循环比较

研究了川西亚高山云杉人工林和天然林养分的分布和生物循环特点 ,结果表明 :云杉天然林和人工林各养分含量变化总趋势为 :w(N) ,针叶 >凋落物 >土壤 >树枝 >树干 ;w(P2 O5,K2 O ,CaO ,MgO) ,土壤 >凋落物 >针叶 >树枝 >树干 ;在针叶、树枝、树干和凋落物中养分含量是CaO >N >K2 O >MgO >P2 O5,而在土壤中养分含量是CaO >K2 O >MgO >N >P2 O5.养分贮量以天然云杉林最高 ,且主要集中在土壤中 (占 6 9%) ,而人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,地上各组分养分贮量增加 ,土壤中养分贮量则先升后降 ,人工和天然云杉林地上各组分养分贮量主要集中在针叶 ;云杉林养分年积累量以天然林最高 ,在人工林中随着抚育林龄的增加 ,养分年积累量随之增加 ,人工云杉幼林以N、CaO积累为主 ,而成熟林则以CaO、N积累为主 .养分的吸收、存留量天然林高于人工云杉林 ,人工云杉成熟林和天然林的利用系数和周转期相似 ,人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,吸收、存留量增大 ,利用系数降低 ,归还量和循环系数先增后降 ,周转期则变长 ,人工云杉林利用系数顺序为 :CaO >MgO >N >K2 O >P2 O5,周转期顺序为 :P2 O5>K2 O >MgO >N >CaO .表 5参 14     

Characterization of redox conditions in groundwater contaminant plumes

Evaluation of redox conditions in groundwater pollution plumes is often a prerequisite for understanding the behaviour of the pollutants in the plume and for selecting remediation approaches. Measuring of redox conditions in pollution plumes is, however, a fairly recent issue and yet relative few cases have been reported. No standardised or generally accepted approach exists. Slow electrode kinetics and the common lack of internal equilibrium of redox processes in pollution plumes make, with a few exceptions, direct electrochemical measurement and rigorous interpretation of redox potentials dubious, if not erroneous. Several other approaches have been used in addressing redox conditions in pollution plumes: redox-sensitive compounds in groundwater samples, hydrogen concentrations in groundwater, concentrations of volatile fatty acids in groundwater, sediment characteristics and microbial tools, such as MPN counts, PLFA biomarkers and redox bioassays. This paper reviews the principles behind the different approaches, summarizes methods used and evaluates the approaches based on the experience from the reported applications.     

Trends in bicycle-related injuries,hospital admissions,and deaths in the USA 1997–2013

Objective: Cycling is associated with numerous health benefits but also the risk of traumatic injury. Recent data demonstrate an increase in overall cycling injuries as well as hospital admissions from 1997 to 2013 in the United States. We seek to better understand the causes of the increase in cycling injuries and hospital admissions.

Methods: Data regarding cycling-related injuries and hospital admissions were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Participation data were derived from the National Sporting Goods Association Sports Participation Survey, and fatality data were collected from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Population estimates were obtained using a complex survey design. Linear regression was used to evaluate univariate relationships between cycling injuries, hospital admissions, deaths, and participation. To evaluate factors associated with hospital admission, we developed a multivariable logistic regression model that included year, age, gender, body part injured, and injury type (i.e., contusion, fracture, or laceration).

Results: The number of individuals who cycle did not change significantly over time, but there was a substantial increase in cycling-related injuries, leading to an increase in per participant injuries from 701/100,000 in 1997 to 1,164/100,000 in 2013. When the injuries were evaluated by age group, younger cyclists have an increased risk for injury, whereas the rise in injuries among older cyclists stemmed from an increase in ridership rather than a unique susceptibility to injury. Trends in hospital admissions and fatalities appeared to be driven by increases in the older age groups. In the multivariable model evaluating factors related to hospital admission, the odds of hospital admission increased for each decade after age 25, as well as male gender and body part injured.

Conclusion: On a per participant basis, the rate of cycling-related injuries and hospital admissions increased between 1997 and 2013. This trend likely reflects a combination of shifting demographics among cyclists with an increase in older cyclists who are at increased risk of severe injury.     

川中丘陵区农田源头沟渠玉米季中氧化亚氮排放及其影响因素

农田周边的排水沟渠不仅是农田养分迁移的重要通道,也是氮转化非常活跃的场所和潜在的氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放源.本研究以川中丘陵区农田源头沟渠为对象,在6~9月的玉米季(雨季),采用静态箱-气相色谱法对其N_2O排放开展原位观测.结果表明,在整个观测期有自然植被覆盖的沟渠生态系统(V)N_2O累积排放量(以N计)为0.43 kg·hm~(-2),而无自然植被覆盖的对照处理(NV,代表沟渠中的沉积物-水界面系统)则为0.07 kg·hm~(-2).该沟渠生态系统的N_2O平均排放通量[14.7μg·(m~2·h)-1]已达到本地区玉米农田直接排放的水平,表明玉米季中农田源头沟渠是不容忽视的N_2O源.川中丘陵区雨季丰富的降雨径流携带大量农田硝态氮进入沟渠,促进N_2O产生和排放,此外,植物的存在可大幅度提高农田沟渠的N_2O间接排放系数(V:0.05%vs.NV:0.01%).由于本研究的N_2O间接排放系数远低于2006年IPCC建议的缺省值(0.25%),如果仅采用IPCC缺省值来估算本地区沟渠生态系统的N_2O排放,可能导致较大误差.未来研究中应对原位观测多予以重视,为进一步修正其缺省值提供理论依据.     

海螺沟冰川退缩区中铬的分布、累积与来源

以青藏高原海螺沟冰川退缩区为研究对象,借助其长达160a的植被演替序列,探讨Cr的时空分布和累积循环特征,并解析其潜在来源。结果表明,退缩区C层土壤Cr含量为(155.17±32.68)mg/kg,显著高于O层(48.23±10.21)mg/kg(P<0.05)。随着植被的演替,O层土壤Cr含量随淋溶作用的增强而逐渐降低。在植被系统中,各演替阶段优势种对Cr均无显著富集特征(ω<1)。此外,土壤是冰川退缩区生态系统的主要Cr库(2269.90±234.57)mg/m²,而各样地O层土壤Cr储量约为植被的9~20倍。随着演替的进行,土壤有机质含量升高而植被的“归还作用”减弱,导致Oi、Oe层土壤Cr储量逐渐减小而Oa层和植物Cr储量逐渐增大。研究发现,“高循环强度-低吸收利用”为冰川退缩区生态系统中Cr的主要循环策略。根据主成分解析结果,贡嘎山土壤Cr以母质土壤风化来源为主(68.89%),而大气沉降对其影响并不显著。     

采用Pt、Dy改性粘结层的铈酸镧/氧化锆双陶瓷层抗氧化行为研究

目的研究Pt、Dy改性粘结层的铈酸镧/氧化锆双陶瓷层的抗氧化行为。方法采用电镀+EB-PVD的方式在高温合金表面制备带有Pt、Dy掺杂NiAl粘结层的热障涂层(Thermal Barrier Coatings TBCs)。采用双陶瓷层结构设计,顶层为铈酸镧(La_2Ce_2O_7),底层为氧化锆(YSZ)。对涂层在1200℃条件下的热循环行为、微观组织以及失效机制进行了研究。结果经过500次循环后,不掺杂涂层YSZ层与热生长氧化物(TGO)处出现了大量裂纹,Pt/Dy共掺杂的涂层经过1000次循环后界面处结合良好,仅仅是在La_2Ce_2O_7陶瓷顶层中出现了少量的微裂纹。结论在粘结层中加入Pt元素,能有效抑制互扩散区难溶相的析出,延缓涂层的蜕化。     

Modeling the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper Chesapeake Bay

In this paper we investigate the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in the euphotic zone at a station in the upper Chesapeake Bay using a new mass-based ecosystem model. Important features of the model are: (1) carbon and nitrogen are incorporated by means of a set of fixed and varying C:N ratios; (2) dissolved organic matter (DOM) is separated into labile, semi-labile, and refractory pools for both C and N; (3) the production and consumption of DOM is treated in detail; and (4) seasonal observations of light, temperature, nutrients, and surface layer circulation are used to physically force the model. The model reasonably reproduces the mean observed seasonal concentrations of nutrients, DOM, plankton biomass, and chlorophyll a. The results suggest that estuarine DOM production is intricately tied to the biomass concentration, ratio, and productivity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, viruses, and bacteria. During peak spring productivity phytoplankton exudation and zooplankton sloppy feeding are the most important autochthonous sources of DOM. In the summer when productivity peaks again, autochthonous sources of DOM are more diverse and, in addition to phytoplankton exudation, important ones include viral lysis and the decay of detritus. The potential importance of viral decay as a source of bioavailable DOM from within the bulk DOM pool is also discussed. The results also highlight the importance of some poorly constrained processes and parameters. Some potential improvements and remedies are suggested. Sensitivity studies on selected parameters are also reported and discussed.     

Phosphorus mobility in dam reservoir affected by redox oscillations: An experimental study

The internal sedimentary phosphorus(P) load of aquatic systems is able to support eutrophication, especially in dam–reservoir systems where sedimentary P stock is high and where temporary anaerobic conditions occur. The aim of this study therefore is to examine the response of sedimentary P exposed to redox oscillations. Surface sediments collected in the Champsanglard dam–reservoir(on the Creuse River, France) were subjected to two aerobic phases(10 and 12 days) alternated with two anaerobic periods(21 and 27 days)through batch incubations. The studied sediment contained 77 ± 3 μmol/g DW of P, mainly associated with the ascorbate fraction(amorphous Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides). The used sediment was rich in organic matter(OM)(21% ± 1%) with primarily allochthone signature.Our results showed that redox oscillations enhance dissolved inorganic phosphorus release at sediment/water interface. During the first anaerobic stage, the P release was mainly controlled by the dissolution/precipitation of iron minerals. The more pronounced increase of P release during the second anaerobic stage(44%) was due to various mechanisms related to the change in quality of dissolved organic matter(DOM), namely a higher SUVA254 and humification indices. The release of more refractory DOM(rDOM) served to lower the microbial metabolism activity, possibly favored iron oxyhydroxide aggregation and thus limiting iron reduction. In addition, rDOM is able to compete for mineral P sorption sites,leading to a greater P release. In reservoir with predominant allochthone OM input, the release of more aromatic DOM therefore plays an important role in P mobility.     

The balance of acidity and redox capability over modified CeO2 catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

The effect of acidity and redox capability over sulfuric acid-modified CeO_2 catalysts were studied for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH_3(NH_3-SCR). The deposition of sulfate significantly enhanced the catalytic performance over CeO_2. NO_x conversion over4H_2SO_4/CeO_2 at 230–440 °C was higher than 90%. The strong redox capability of CeO_2 could result in unselective NH_3 oxidation and decrease high temperatures catalytic activity and N_2 selectivity. The deposition of sulfate increased the acidity and weakened the redox capability, and then increased the high temperature NO_x conversion and N_2 selectivity. An appropriate level of acidity also promoted the activity at 190–250 °C over ceria-based catalysts, and with further increase in the acidity, the SCR activity decreased slightly. Weak redox capability lowered the low-temperature catalytic activity. Excellent SCR activity requires a balance of acidity and redox capability on the catalysts.     

长江口近岸表层沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢的分布特征

利用气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度检测器(GC-PFPD)分析了长江口近岸表层沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢(MBP)的含量,并探讨了其潜在的影响因素.结果表明,5月沉积物中MBP的含量略高于11月,其含量变化范围分别为139～426 ng.kg-1和111～192 ng.kg-1,平均含量分别为224 ng.kg-1和158 ng.kg-1;并且,沉积物中MBP的含量存在显著的地理空间差异.此外,MBP含量与环境参数之间的相关分析显示,MBP与总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)有较好的线性关系(RTP=0.86,P<0.000 1;RIP=0.81,P<0.000 1;ROP=0.90,P<0.000 1),与碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)、pH的相关性较弱(RAPA=0.55,P=0.019;RpH=0.511,P=0.03),表明沉积物中MBP的含量与磷组分、APA及pH密切相关,但与有机碳、盐度等环境因子并无显著相关性.