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41.
AbstractObjectives: From age 12 onwards, cycling injuries begin rising in The Netherlands. A known contributing factor is younger children’s underdeveloped competency to deal with complex and hazardous traffic situations, and their exposure to such situations strongly increases after transitioning to secondary school. Little is known about intentional risk-taking as a contributing factor. In this developmental stage, children become increasingly vulnerable because of intentional risk-taking, affecting their safety and health. The incidence, predictors in the child’s social environment, and trends of such risks are systematically monitored; for instance, for alcohol use, smoking, and cyber bullying. Such monitors do not include risky road behavior. This exploratory field study examined the frequency of intentional risky cycling, its relationship with the perceived social environment, and relative to cycling competency measured as the ability to detect emerging hazards quickly.Methods: Three hundred thirty-five students between 11 and 13 years of age (51% male) completed computerized tests of hazard perception skill and surveys on crashes, risk-taking, peer pressure, perceived risk-taking by parents or friends, and exposure to risky driving as passenger.Results: Frequent risk-taking was associated with higher crash frequency. Stepwise regression confirmed that children who more often took risks on the road were also more sensitive to peer pressure, had more often been passengers of risky drivers, had parents and friends who exhibited risky behaviors in traffic more often, and perceived hazards as less dangerous but, in contrast to expectations, did not do worse on the detection of hazards. The predictors explained 28% of the variance in total risk-taking but varied from 6 to 20% depending on the specific risk-taking behavior concerned.Conclusions: At least 20% of children sometimes or more often take risks in traffic. Children who feel peer pressure to behave in a risky manner, observe parents and friends behaving in a risky manner in traffic, and have been exposed as passengers to risky driving more often take risks in traffic themselves. These results provide support for including items on risky road behavior in health monitors and to design interventions that address the risk factors in the child’s perceived social environment. 相似文献
42.
Forrest E. Dierberg 《Environmental management》1992,16(3):371-380
Following a period of prolonged drought or intentional lake level drawdown, large littoral areas that once contained submersed
aquatic vegetation (SAV) are reinundated when lake levels rise. A complete assessment of the contribution made by decomposing
SAV to the in-lake phosphorus (P) concentration is important in both the management of Lake Okeechobee and understanding basic
P processes. The P contribution to the open waters of Lake Okeechobee from a rapid inundation of exposed SAV was calculated
by four methods: cores of field-desiccated SAV, cores of lab-desiccated SAV in the presence and absence of sediments, in situ
decomposition, and sequential macrophyte harvesting. P releases, given such an episodic event, were similar among the four
methods, ranging from 116±48 to 384±528 mg/m2 in the absence of sediment. When SAV is in contact with sediment, which is the realistic field situation, the amount of P
released was four times less (30±14 mg/m2) than in the absence of sediment. The calculated P releases would result in total P concentration increases in the lake from
2 to 15 μg/liter (upper 95% CI=2–25 μg/liter) in the absence of sediment; only 1 μg/liter increase was predicted when SAV
released P in contact with sediment. Thus it is unlikely that a significant rise in total P concentrations in the limnetic
zone of the lake would occur from the export of P released during the desiccation of SAV in the littoral-marsh zone during
a drawdown. 相似文献
43.
44.
处理化肥厂造气废水新型催化剂的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用合成的氧化还原树脂进行了实际废水的处理 ,取得了良好的效果 ,开辟了废水处理的一条新途径。 相似文献
45.
对农桐间作(以桐为主间作型)的养分循环规律进行了研究。结果表明,泡桐各器官营养元素的含量随季节而变化。对营养元素的年吸收量为471.9595kg/hm ̄2,其中氮155.1429kg/hm ̄2,磷80.0821kg/hm ̄2,钾87.0394kg/hm ̄2,钙119.4603kg/hm ̄2,镁30.2348kg/hm ̄2。营养元素的年归还量为331.6155kg/hm ̄2,其中氮102.5721kg/hm ̄2,磷43.2922kg/hm ̄2.钾63.6497kg/hm ̄2,钙97.3586kg/hm ̄2,镁24.7429kg/hm ̄2。营养元素的循环率为70、26%,其中氮66.11%,磷54.06%,钾73.13%,钙81.50%,镁81.84%。 相似文献
46.
Schulmeister MK Healey JM Butler JJ McCall GW 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2004,69(3-4):215-232
Discrete-depth sampling of inorganic groundwater chemistry is essential for a variety of site characterization activities. Although the mobility and rapid sampling capabilities of direct-push techniques have led to their widespread use for evaluating the distribution of organic contaminants, complementary methods for the characterization of spatial variations in geochemical conditions have not been developed. In this study, a direct-push-based approach for high-resolution inorganic chemical profiling was developed at a site where sharp chemical contrasts and iron-reducing conditions had previously been observed. Existing multilevel samplers (MLSs) that span a fining-upward alluvial sequence were used for comparison with the direct-push profiling. Chemical profiles obtained with a conventional direct-push exposed-screen sampler differed from those obtained with an adjacent MLS because of sampler reactivity and mixing with water from previous sampling levels. The sampler was modified by replacing steel sampling components with stainless-steel and heat-treated parts, and adding an adapter that prevents mixing. Profiles obtained with the modified approach were in excellent agreement with those obtained from an adjacent MLS for all constituents and parameters monitored (Cl, NO(3), Fe, Mn, DO, ORP, specific conductance and pH). Interpretations of site redox conditions based on field-measured parameters were supported by laboratory analysis of dissolved Fe. The discrete-depth capability of this approach allows inorganic chemical variations to be described at a level of detail that has rarely been possible. When combined with the mobility afforded by direct-push rigs and on-site methods of chemical analysis, the new approach is well suited for a variety of interactive site-characterization endeavors. 相似文献
47.
48.
Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei(Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense(Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24%(193.81 kg ha–1) and 81.08%(45.20 kg ha–1) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93%(86.31 kg ha–1) and 57.67%(14.61 kg ha–1), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha–1 nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha–1 phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha–1 nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha–1 phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha–1 nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha–1phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha–1 nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha–1phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha–1, 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha–1 phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha–1 nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha–1 phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha–1nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha–1 phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated. 相似文献
49.
50.
在湖泊沉积物表层存在着强烈的生物作用 ,使SO2 -4 转变成S2 -,然后和Fe2 + 结合而固定在沉积物中 ,这种SO2 -4 的清除机制具有重要的环境意义。本文论述了H2 S的产生和各种形态硫转变成SO2 -4 的酶促反应机制 ,并阐述了不同微生物电子传递载体、最终电子受体和电子进入传递链的部位的差异以及生成ATP的数目和环境效应的差异。 相似文献