应用呼吸-滴定测量监测硝化动态过程

将pH值在线监测与药品自动投加系统与已开发的混合呼吸测量仪集成,组成自动呼吸-滴定测量仪,同时测定废水生物处理过程氧气利用速率(OUR)和质子变化速率(HVR).对活性污泥硝化过程定时测定NH4+-N浓度,比较其与基于HVR或OUR预测的NH4+-N浓度间的一致程度,评估自动滴定测量装置测试硝化过程动态的性能.结果表明,在初始NH4+-N浓度分别为20,25mg/L的间歇试验中,实测值数组与基于OUR的预测值数组间的相关系数分别为0.9967和0.9972,与基于HVR的预测值数组间的相关系数分别为0.9991和0.9992,表明OUR和HVR均能及时准确地反映硝化过程的动态特性.     

辽宁省背景地区降水化学特征及其与大气传输的关系

为了解辽宁省背景地区降水化学特征及其与大气传输的关系,于2007年2月─2008年1月在辽中县水文监测站进行了降水化学特征观测,测量项目包括降水pH,电导率和离子浓度. 观测期间降水pH为3.4～7.3,降水量加权平均值为4.6,整体呈酸性. 降水中主要阴离子为SO₄2-和NO₃-,浓度分别为154.3和53.4 μeq/L,二者占阴离子总量的76.8%; 主要阳离子为NH₄+和Ca2+,浓度分别为124.6和89.2 μeq/L,占阳离子总量的70.6%. 利用后向气流轨迹分析了降水气团来源对降水化学的影响,结果表明:在辽宁省及周边地区的局地气团影响下,降水中离子浓度最高;而在起源于东亚地区,经朝鲜半岛到达的南-东南气团影响下,降水次数虽最多,但离子浓度最低.      

Analysis of time-scaling properties in forest-fire sequence observed in Italy

The investigation of the temporal fluctuations in forest fires is an important topic in the context of environmental sciences. Time-scaling scale-invariant methodologies have been used to characterize the temporal properties of forest-fire sequences detected in the Italian territory. Our findings reveal that the fire sequences can be considered as fractal processes with a high degree of time-clusterization of the events. The time-clustering phenomenon is clearly visible from timescales of order of days. Furthermore the fire sequences observed with decreasing latitude tend to be more time-clusterized.     

Ecosystem network analysis indicators are generally robust to parameter uncertainty in a phosphorus model of Lake Sidney Lanier, USA

Understanding how data uncertainty influences ecosystem analysis is critical as we move toward ecosystem-based management. Here, we investigate how 18 Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) indicators that characterize ecosystem growth, development, and condition are affected by uncertainty in an ecosystem model of Lake Sidney Lanier (USA). We applied ENA to 122 plausible parameterizations of the ecosystem developed by Borrett and Osidele (2007, Ecological Modelling 200, 371-387), and then used the coefficient of variation (CV) to compare system indicator variability. We considered Total System Throughput (TST) as a measure of the underlying model uncertainty and tested three hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that non-ratio indicators whose calculation includes the TST would be at least as variable as TST if not more variable. Second, we postulated that indicators calculated as ratios, with TST in the numerator and denominator would tend to be less variable than TST because its influence will cancel. Last, we expected the Average Mutual Information (AMI) to be less variable than TST because it is a bounded function. Our work shows that the 18 indicators grouped into four categories. The first group has significantly larger CVs than the CV for TST. In this group, model uncertainty is amplified rendering these three indicators less useful. The second group of four indicators shows no significant difference in variability with respect to TST. Finally, there are two groups whose CV values are significantly lower than that for TST. The least variable group includes the ratio-based indicators and Average Mutual Information. Due to their low variability, we conclude that these indicators are the most robust to the parameter uncertainty and most useful for ecosystem assessment and comparative ecosystem analysis. In summary, this work suggests that we can be as certain, or more certain, in most of the selected ENA indicators as we are in the parameters of the model analyzed.     

Tradeoffs between forestry resource and conservation values under alternate policy regimes: A spatial analysis of the western Canadian boreal plains

An important element of resource management and conservation is an understanding of the tradeoffs between marketed products, such as timber, and measures of environmental quality, such as biodiversity. In this paper, we develop an integrated economic-ecological spatial optimization model that we then apply to evaluate alternate forest policies on a 560,000 km² study region of managed boreal forest in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. The integrated model incorporates dynamic forest sector harvesting, current levels of oil and gas sector development, coarse-filter or habitat-based old forest indicators, a set of empirical forest bird abundance models, and statistical models of the natural and current fire regimes. Using our integrated model, economic tradeoff curves, or production possibility frontiers, are developed to illustrate the cost of achieving coarse-filter targets by a set time (50 years) within a 100-year time horizon. We found levels of ecological indicators and economic returns from the timber industry could both be increased if spatial constraints imposed by the current policy environment were relaxed; other factors being equal, this implies current policy should be revised. We explore the production possibility frontier's relationship to the range of natural variation of old forest habitat, and show how this range can be used to guide choices of preferred locations along the frontier. We also show that coarse-filter constraints on the abundance of certain habitat elements are sufficient to satisfy some fine-filter objectives, expressed as the predicted abundances of various species of songbirds.     

黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米土壤温度的变异特征

黄土高原半干旱丘陵山区受特殊的地理、地形以及水文气象条件的影响,造成农业生产播种难、出苗率低等问题,严重制约着农业的发展,但通过覆膜坐水技术能够起到抗旱保墒、提高地温、改善土壤肥效等作用。以哲单7号玉米ZeamaysL为供试品种,在设置对比试验小区（覆膜与不覆膜）的基础上,通过分析覆膜玉米土壤温度变异特征,描述了覆膜后增温、提墒、增产的过程,研究结果表明：覆膜处理与不覆膜处理相比,增温最明显的时期出现在出苗到拔节阶段,且10cm．和20cm处的温差表现为最大,可增温2．5℃左右,而后期增温减慢,播种后覆膜增温为玉米发芽生长提供了良好的生长环境,大大提高了出苗率,为作物节水增产提供了必要条件。     

贵州喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式土壤CO_2体积分数变化及影响因素

为了解不同土地利用方式对土壤剖面CO2体积分数的影响,采用气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区土壤不同深度空气CO2体积分数进行观测。结果表明：不同土地利用对土壤平均CO2体积分数影响较大,其次序为：次生林（0.35%±0.06%）〉草地（0.34%±0.05%）〉人工林（0.27%±0.03%）〉农田（0.16%±0.03%）。次生林、草地与农田之间土壤CO2体积分数差异性显著,而人工林与农田之间无显著性差异。不同土地利用方式土壤剖面CO2体积分数的时空变化特征比较一致：从春季到夏季逐渐增加而从秋季到冬季又逐渐降低,与该区域的温度和降雨量变化趋势一致。同时随着土壤剖面深度增加CO2体积分数逐渐增大,但在土层12 cm处有突然降低现象（农田除外）。不同土地利用方式土壤空气CO2体积分数变化与大气、土壤温度密切相关（r=0.602~0.886,P〈0.05）,土壤温度升高会导致土壤CO2体积分数上升。土壤湿度虽然也在一定程度上影响了剖面CO2体积分数,但相关性分析表明二者之间并不显著（r=0.105~0.393,P〉0.05）,说明在贵州喀斯特地区,土壤温度对土壤空气CO2体积分数的影响大于土壤湿度。     

高技术产业创新资源绩效的时空分异研究——以全球创新型国家为例

构建了高技术产业创新资源绩效评价的投入产出指标体系,利用《美国科学工程分类指标年鉴》及经济合作与发展组织（OECD） 1995-2011年高技术产业活动相关数据,运用超效率DEA模型和区域差异测度锡尔指数对全球28个国家或地区的高技术产业创新资源绩效及各区域创新资源绩效差异进行分析.结果显示：①全球28个国家或地区的高技术产业创新资源绩效水平呈现两级分化趋势.其中,新加坡、瑞士、瑞典、美国4个国家的得分较高,排名靠前,其他国家或地区绩效水平较低.②欧洲、美洲、亚洲-大洋洲之间的高技术产业创新资源绩效水平差异呈现缩小趋势,欧洲区域内部高技术产业创新资源绩效水平差异呈现逐年扩大趋势.     

区域声环境质量污染水平预测方法评价与对比研究

为完成北京市“十二五”城市区域的主要声污染防治工作目标,全面提高北京市声环境质量水平,科学预测区域内在“十二五”期间噪声污染水平和发展趋势,本文以北京市某典型区域作为研究对象,在收集大量相关资料与实测历史噪声数据的基础上,运用指数平滑法与灰色模型GM（1,1）对所选定研究区域的噪声污染水平与发展趋势进行预测与分析。研究结果表明：运用指数平滑法与灰色模型对研究区域声环境噪声污染预测是可行的,北京市在“十二五”期间声环境质量水平符合《声环境质量标准》（GB3096—2008）中的一类区域标准。     

Within-population variation in ejaculate characteristics in a prolonged breeder,Peron’s tree frog, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litoria peronii</Emphasis>

Sperm number is often a good predictor of success in sperm competition; however, it has become increasingly clear that, for some species, variation in probability of paternity cannot be explained by sperm number alone. Intraspecific variation in ejaculate characteristics, such as the number of viable sperm and sperm longevity, may play an equally important role in determining fertilization success. Here, we assess variation among ejaculates in three factors that may contribute to fertilization success (number of sperm per ejaculate, viability, and longevity), in a population of Peron’s tree frog (Litoria peronii). We detected large variation among males in the number of sperm per ejaculate and the proportion of viable sperm within ejaculates, which could not be explained by variation in either male size or body condition. However, the proportion of viable sperm released by males increased over the season. Finally, we assessed sperm longevity (proportion viable sperm determined using a dual-fluorochrome vital dye) at two different temperatures. At 23°C, on average, 75% of sperm remained viable after 2 h, but there were significant differences amongst males with the percentage of viable sperm ranging from 43% to 95%. For sperm incubated at 4°C, ejaculates varied fivefold in sperm longevity with some males having 50% viable sperm after 5 days. Our data suggest that ejaculate characteristics (sperm number, viability, and longevity) vary widely in Peron’s tree frog and may therefore play an important role in determining siring success both in the presence and absence of sperm competition. We discuss the results in relation to selection on ejaculate traits via natural and sexual selection in this and other amphibians.