Variability of tropospheric hydroperoxides at a coastal surface site in Antarctica

The annual cycles of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and methylhydroperoxide (MHP) have been investigated at a remote site in Antarctica in order to study seasonal variations as well as chemical processes in the troposphere. The measurements have been performed from March 1997 to January 1998 and in February 1999 at the German Antarctic research station Neumayer which is located at 70°39′S, 8°15′W. The obtained time series for hydrogen peroxide and methylhydroperoxide in near-surface air represents the first all-year measurements in Antarctica and indicates clearly the occurrence of seasonal variations. During polar night mean values of 0.054±0.046 ppbv (range<0.03–0.11 ppbv) for hydrogen peroxide and 0.089±0.052 ppbv (range<0.05–0.14 ppbv) for methylhydroperoxide were detected. At the sunlit period higher Mixing ratios were found, 0.20±0.13 ppbv (range<0.03–0.91 ppbv) for hydrogen peroxide and 0.19±0.10 ppbv (range<0.05–0.89 ppbv) for methylhydroperoxide. Occasional long-range transport of air masses from mid-latitudes caused enhanced peroxide concentrations at polar night. During the period of stratospheric ozone depletion we observed peroxide mixing ratios comparable to typical winter levels.     

2015年南京市SO2、NO2、CO和O3的污染特征分析

分析了2015年南京市二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）、一氧化碳（CO）和臭氧（O3）的污染特征。南京市SO2、NO2、CO和O3的年均浓度分别为19.3 μg·m-3、50.2 μg·m-3、0.972 mg·m-3和114 μg·m-3;SO2和CO污染相对较轻,NO2和O3污染相对严重。SO2、CO和O3的日变化呈"单峰型",而NO2的呈"双峰型";SO2、NO2和CO浓度在冬季最高,夏季最低,而O3相反。秸秆焚烧产物的区域输送在夏收（6月）和秋收（11月）时节对南京市CO的贡献显著。各监测点及全市的气态污染物普遍表现出"反周末效应",指示外来污染源。     

SPATIAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Space autocorrelation techniques have been used to reveal the nature and spatial distribution of precipitation in the Texas High Plains. Correlation in precipitation amounts varies with both distance and direction, dropping off rapidly with distance, particularly during the warm season. The analyses can be used to estimate storm characteristics in conjunction with a wide variety of problems dealing with irrigation, crop yields, drainage and water supply, and evaluation of artificial weather modification efforts.     

A case study of spatial variation and enrichment of selected elements in ambient particulate matter around a large coal-fired power station in Central India

The dominant use of coal in power sectors has been associated with adverse environmental impacts. Ambient air monitoring for the two size fractions of particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) in the downwind and upwind directions of a large coal-fired power station in central India, was carried out. Collected samples of ambient particulate matter were analysed atomic absorption spectrophotometrically for 15 elements. Spatial variability in elemental composition of RSPM and NRSPM and the degree of enrichment of these toxic metals in RSPM were investigated. A significant spatial variability for the elements in RSPM and NRSPM and higher degrees of enrichment of the elements were observed.     

丹江口水库水质要素变化特征及其相互关系

采用丹江口水库 1987～ 1996年间的水环境常规监测资料 ,应用因子分析方法探讨了丹江口水库不同区域水环境要素变化特征及其相互关系 ,分析表明 :丹江口水库目前水质良好 ,大多数情况下能满足地面水一类水质标准要求 :库区不同断面水体水质要素及污染因子间的相互关系可以用 6个主导因子表达。同一主导因子不同断面标识因子的差异反映了库区不同区域水质分布差异及产生这种差异的环境过程 ;影响库区水质的主要因素是上游随降水产生的面源污染、库周点源排放、水体自净以及气候因素 ,不同断面水质影响因素及其程度存在差异。     

Application of micrometeorological approaches to measure methane exchange in a dry paddy field in the western coast of Korea

The exchange processes of CH₄ were investigated in a paddy field in the Hari area of Kang Hwa Island over an 8 day period in late April 2002. The quantification of CH₄ fluxes was made under dry field condition of early spring by concurrently measuring its concentrations (at the two heights of 1 and 5 m) and the relevant micrometeorological parameters. To help elucidate the factors determining the mobilization characteristics of CH₄, the results of our measurement data were examined using a number of approaches. The results of the trajectory analysis indicated that its concentration changed very sensitively with the influence of different source types, as seen from the air mass movement patterns. The concentrations and fluxes of methane, when examined over this short-term scale, showed moderately strong patterns across 24 h period in which higher values tend to occur during morning or evening. The overall results of our field measurements suggest that CH₄ exchange processes in the paddy area proceeded in a fairly complicated manner. The study area behaved as a net source of CH₄ to the atmosphere with a net daily emission rate of 3.6 mg m⁻² despite the fact that downward deposition was observed more frequently than upward emission.     

太原晋祠地区果园土壤呼吸的年际变化及其温度敏感性

太原晋祠地区曾经是著名的稻米之乡,随着晋祠泉的断流,区内土地利用从之前的以水稻田为主转变为以玉米和果园为主.因此,研究土地利用变化后土壤呼吸对于准确估算区域碳循环具有一定意义.基于此目的,本研究以原来为稻田、现为果园利用方式的样地为对象,对其土壤呼吸进行了7 a(2006~2012年)、每月1~3次的定位观测,分析了土壤呼吸的年际、季节变化及其与环境因子年际、季节变化的关系.结果表明,土壤呼吸与土壤温度的季节变化与天数的关系可以用3参数高斯方程模型进行拟合.土壤呼吸的季节变化与土壤温度的季节变化关系为极显著的指数关系,但其与土壤水分季节变化的关系不显著.土壤呼吸速率年平均值为(5.32±3.31)μmol·(m~2·s)-1;碳通量年平均值为1 690.2 g·m-2,在1 294.0~2 006.0g·m~(-2)之间变化,年际均值差异不显著.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数(Q_(10))值的年际变化以5、10和15 cm温度测定深度计算分别在1.54~2.20、1.68~2.48和1.82~2.46之间;土壤温度10℃对应的土壤呼吸(R_(10))值的年际变化在2.37~2.81、2.43~3.13和2.59~3.47μmol·(m~2·s)-1之间;Q_(10)和R10值均随土壤温度测定深度增加而增加.Q_(10)的年际变化与10 cm深度的土壤温度(T_(10))的年际变化关系极显著(P=0.016),与其它因子的关系不显著;在拟合方程中增加土壤水分因子不能提高对Q_(10)年际变化的预测精度,说明在本样地水分对Q_(10)的影响较小.R10值的年际变化与环境因子的年际变化关系不显著.与土壤呼吸与土壤温度的单因素模型相比,土壤温度和土壤水分的双变量指数模型可以提高预测土壤呼吸季节变化的准确性.研究结果可以为本地区及同类地区的土壤呼吸估算提供一定参考.     

承德市PM2.5中碳质组分的季节分布特征及来源解析

为研究承德市PM_2.5中碳质组分的季节变化及污染来源,于2019年1、4、7和10月采集大气PM_2.5样品,测定碳质组分浓度.通过有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）比值、总碳质气溶胶（TCA）及二次有机碳（SOC）的估算,分析碳质组分的变化特征;结合后向轨迹和主成分分析（PCA）方法,分析污染来源.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（31.26±21.39）、（13.27±8.68）和（2.80±1.95）μg ·m^-3.PM_2.5的季节变化趋势为：冬季[（47.68±30.37）μg ·m^-3]>秋季[（28.72±17.12）μg ·m^-3]>春季[（26.59±15.32）μg ·m^-3]>夏季[（23.17±8.38）μg ·m^-3],与总碳（TC）、OC和EC季节变化趋势一致,冬季（R²=0.85）的OC与EC来源较一致;OC/EC值得出4个季节均受到交通和燃煤源排放的影响,且冬季受烟煤排放影响显著.TCA的平均浓度为（21.38±13.68）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5比例达68.39%,二次转化率（SOC/OC）为：春季（54.09%）>秋季（37.64%）>夏季（32.91%）>冬季（25.43%）.后向轨迹模拟结果表明,春季和夏季气团携带的污染物浓度相对较低,秋季污染物的传输通道为西南方向,冬季为西北方向,主成分分析（PCA）表明,承德市PM_2.5削减的关键是控制机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧源的排放.     

非对称开采条件下工作面“多向应力”变化特征研究

在非对称开采条件下,工作面受上覆岩层自重应力、超前支承应力、采空区侧向支承应力和回风巷煤柱应力等“多向应力”叠加影响,使得工作面应力呈“非对称”性。为研究非对称开采条件下工作面“多向应力”变化特征,基于微震监测、应力在线监测和理论计算,对母杜柴登煤矿30202工作面回采过程中所形成的非对称开采条件下的应力变化进行分析;并基于工作面所受应力条件和围岩体结构条件,分析了“多向应力”叠加显现机理。结果表明:30202工作面回采期间,煤柱支承应力沿走向分为应力升高区、应力明显降低区、应力缓慢降低区和应力稳定区,其应力峰值主要集中在工作面前方40 m左右,应力集中系数平均为1.61;在非对称开采阶段,在走向方向工作面超前支承应力影响范围较回采初期增加了100 m左右;在不考虑垂直应力影响的情况下,相邻工作面采空区的侧向应力对30202工作面倾向方向的影响范围为44 m,应力最大值为56.1 MPa。在“多向应力”耦合作用下工作面在回采过程中产生能量集聚,并在采动扰动下发生能量释放,满足了大能量事件发生的基本应力条件;同时在扰动条件下采空区发生高位顶板错动,以及围岩支护薄弱为大能量事件的发生提供了围岩结构条件。研究结果可为工作面非对称开采条件下采场矿压显现规律研究、顶板控制和巷道支护设计提供指导。     

锡林河流域地表水痕量元素的时空分布

为更好地理解锡林河流域水文循环过程,在2006～2008年锡林河主要径流期内13个河水断面(10个位于锡林河干流,3个位于3条支流)取得的248个水样,应用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行了Al、As等20种痕量元素的分析测定,利用分析结果对流域内痕量元素时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,锡林河河水中痕量元素平均质量浓度大部分在0.1～10μg.L-1之间;大多数痕量元素浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间,并且十分接近地下水浓度,说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给.时间上,地表水痕量元素年内、年际变化均不大,就年内而言,大部分元素浓度变化在4、5月较大,7、8月较小;大部分元素在2007年间浓度略小.在空间上,从上游到下游,大多数痕量元素浓度呈上升趋势,地下水的补给、河水的蒸发等造成了元素富集的变化.