铜与毒死蜱复合污染对淡水绿藻的毒性效应

重金属及农药残留在水环境中被频繁检测出,其复合污染对环境生物的联合毒性有别于单因子的生物效应.以淡水绿藻为受试生物,比较分析了有机磷农药毒死蜱（Chlorpyrifos）和重金属铜的单一及复合暴露对蛋白核小球藻急性毒性、细胞通透性及抗氧化应激的影响.铜、毒死蜱72小时单一暴露对小球藻的EC₅₀分别为0.68和12.71μmol/L,藻细胞叶绿素含量随污染物浓度的增大而降低,细胞通透性随污染物浓度的增大而增强,藻细胞活性氧和抗氧化酶被显著诱导.利用相加指数法（Additive Index,AI）确定铜、毒死蜱联合暴露对小球藻急性毒性的联合作用类型为拮抗作用,这与小球藻ROS产生量及抗氧化酶等指标的显著性水平分析结果一致.     

浮空器蒙皮材料老化后透氦率实验研究

目的研究紫外辐射作用对浮空器蒙皮材料透氦率的影响。方法根据某型号浮空器的使用环境,对其蒙皮材料进行1~3个月的自然老化实验,并用压差法透气性测试仪器测量新材料和老化后材料的透氦率。结果得到了透氦率和自然老化时间及老化因素的关系。结论老化1个月材料的透氦率略高于新材料,而在老化1~3个月过程中,透氦率有一个快速上升的过程。紫外线照射会使蒙皮材料的透氦率上升。     

Secondary imbibition in NAPL-invaded mixed-wet sediments

A previously developed pore network model is used here to study the spontaneous and forced secondary imbibition of a NAPL-invaded sediment, as in the displacement of NAPL by waterflooding a mixed-wet soil. We use a 3D disordered pore network with a realistic representation of pore geometry and connectivity, and a quasi-static displacement model that fully describes the pore-scale physics. After primary drainage (NAPL displacing water) up to a maximum capillary pressure, we simulate secondary imbibition (water displacing NAPL). We conduct a parametric study of imbibition by varying systematically the controlling parameters: the advancing contact angles, the fraction of NAPL-wet pores, the interfacial tension, and the initial water saturation. Once the secondary imbibition is completed, the controlling displacement mechanisms, capillary pressures, relative permeabilities, and trapped NAPL saturations are reported. It is assumed that NAPL migrates into an initially strongly water-wet sediment, i.e., the receding contact angles are very small. However, depending on the surface mineralogy and chemical compositions of the immiscible fluid phases, the wettability of pore interiors is altered while the neighborhoods of pore corners remain strongly water-wet-resulting in a mixed-wet sediment. Here, we compare three different levels of wettability alteration: water-wet (advancing contact angles (20 degrees to 55 degrees), intermediate-wet (55 degrees to 120 degrees), and NAPL-wet (120 degrees to 155 degrees). The range of advancing contact angles and the fraction of NAPL-wet pores have dramatic effects on the NAPL-water capillary pressures and relative permeabilities. The spatially inhomogeneous interfacial tension has a minor impact on the trapped NAPL saturation and relative permeability to NAPL, and a slight effect on the relative permeability to water. The initial water saturation has a slight effect on the two-phase flow characteristics of water-wet sediments; however, with more NAPL-wet pores in the sediment, it starts to have a profound effect on the water and NAPL relative permeabilities.     

Influence of ozone, relative humidity, and flow rate on the deposition and oxidation of sulfur dioxide on yellow sand

To evaluate the influences of O₃, relative humidity (RH), and flow rate on the reaction between yellow sand and SO₂, the SO₂ deposition velocity and the oxidation state of sulfur were investigated by means of exposure experiments in a cylindrical flow reactor. Early in the reaction, the deposition velocity was not influenced by the RH or the presence of O₃; as the reaction progressed, however, the deposition velocity increased in the presence of O₃ and at high humidity. The oxidation of sulfur from S(IV) to S(VI) was also enhanced under these conditions. The amount of sulfur oxidation was positively correlated with the amount of deposited O₃. Furthermore, the SO₂ deposition velocity increased with increasing flow rate. However, changes in the flow rate had no noticeable effect on the amount of SO₂ oxidation.     

Variation and evaluation of coastal salt marshes

Ten intertidal salt marshes along the Rhode Island coast were sampled and compared in terms of the relative standing crop and height of tallSpartina alterniflora, density of shoots, seed production and size, fish populations, and the abundance of grass shrimp, fiddler crabs, insects, and birds. The marshes ranged from 0.49 to 52.61 hectares (1.2 to 130 acres) and included fringe marsh in dense urban developments as well as unspoiled waterfowl preserves in rural isolation. Large variation in most parameters made it impossible to separate the sites with statistical significance using either univariate or multivariate techniques. Moreover, there was little meaningful intercorrelation among the parameters. Although more intensive sampling might make it possible to separate individual marshes with statistical rigor, these results suggest that the necessary effort may be too great to allow comparative field sampling to play a practical part in wetlands evaluation programs. The results also indicate that there is little, if any, correlation between visual esthetic perceptions of a marsh and its ecological characteristics. This work suggests that the development of ecological rating systems will not provide a reliable tool for the management of coastal wetlands.     

填埋垃圾体气体渗透特性的实验研究

通过对模拟填埋垃圾体压实方向和与其垂直方向上气体渗透系数的测定,研究了在不同压实密度、不同含水率条件下垃圾体渗透特性的变化情况．实验表明：(1)在垂直压实的填埋垃圾体中,水平方向渗透系数平均值Ka^-为垂直方向渗透系数Ka^-的7．5-20．0倍,填埋垃圾体各向异性特征明显;(2)垃圾体渗透系数与压实密度、含水率的关系分别满足指数和线性递减规律．表明压实密度对渗透系数的影响较含水率大得多。     

钝顶螺旋藻处理氨氮废水的研究

螺旋藻是一种营养丰富的新型保健食品，利用含氮废水为培养基，研究螺旋藻以NH4－N的处理效率，着重探讨利用生活污水培养螺旋藻的可行性，及其对生活污水的处理效果。研究证明，在NH4－N浓度小于40.0mg/L时，其对NH4－N的去除率最大，可达93％左右。在体积百分比生活污水为80％时，添加NaHCO38mg/L，对NH4－N的去除率达91.8%。同时对螺旋藻化学组分及含铁、锌、锰、铜、硒进行分析，生活污水培养螺旋藻，其所含有机物和氮源，可供螺旋藻生长繁殖，使废水资源化，并减少环境污染；藻粉可作为饲料添加剂，是使废水变为蛋白源的有效途径。     

可生化性试验与评价方法研究

以５种废水为研究对象，通过确定其８ｈ相对耗氧率Ｒ（％）来作为可生化性评价指标，Ｒ（％）〉１００为易生化；１００〉Ｒ（％）〉３０为可生化；３０〉Ｒ（％）〉０为难生化，该文还通过模拟氧化塘处理废水，证明ＣＯＤ去除率同Ｒ（％）呈显著正相关，说明了相对耗经的准确性和实用性，与ＢＯＤ、／ＣＯＤ法相比，该法测定快速，简便实用。     

超滤法处理低渗透油田回注污水的应用研究

用管式聚砜超滤膜分离装置现场处理采油污水，经过处理的污水达到了低渗透油田注水标准。在现场试验的基础上论述了超滤操作压力差、膜面流速对膜通量的影响，提出了清洗污染膜的方法，为进一步的工业试验装置设计提供了基础数据。     

关于环境监测成本核算的探讨

本文针对目前科技体制改革与市场经济发展的现状，主要探讨了环境科研监测部门在全企业做好服务的基础上，如何加强成本管理，怎样进行成本核算，认真按照收费标准合理收费，从而实现环境监测与市场收费的协调发展。