SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS,TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT. Samples for water-quality analyses were collected from beneath eighty commercial cattle feedlots in the Texas High Plains. Twenty-two feedlots were drilled and/or cored to establish vertical gradients of dissolved solids. Sample and gamma logs, size analyses and vertical permeability of cores were determined from samples beneath these lots. Relationships of groundwater saturated thickness, depth to watertable, and age of lots to specificion distribution were evaluated. The study includes lots ranging in age from 35 years to new installations. Runoff collection-systems on lots include playas, man-made ponds, and dammed and undammed stream channels. Infiltration of feedlot liquid waste to the watertable below feedyards is insignificant in most localities in the Texas High Plains. Infiltration of “collected” feedlot runoff and subsequent concentration of dissolved ions in groundwater in the High Plains are dependent upon, among other things, (1) surface and subsurface geology, (2) depth to water, (3) thickness of the groundwater zone, and to (4) differences in lateral and vertical permeabilities of the Ogallala Formation, the major aquifer. Certainly, no regional subsurface pollution problem exists today nor is one foreseen from cattle feedlot runoff in the Texas High Plains.     

融雪剂对园林植物种子萌发的影响

使用融雪剂是高纬度城市冬季除雪的主要措施之一,但融雪剂中含有的盐类物质可以对园林植物造成伤害。在此研究了融雪剂对刺（Robinia pseudoacacia）、万寿菊（Tagetes erecta）、矮紫薇（Lagerstroemia indiea’Petite pinkie＇）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）、侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）种子发芽率和相对受害率的影响。试验结果表明：5种植物种子的发芽率随融雪剂浓度的升高而降低．相对受害率则随融雪剂浓度升高而增大。其中草地早熟禾种子时融雪剂最敏感,可以用草地早熟禾种子萌发为指示,间接检验融雪剂对植物的伤害程度。     

采动煤体渗透率实验室实验关键问题研究进展*

为了分析影响采动煤体渗透率实验结果的关键因素,结合煤体赋存结构特征和地质环境影响,针对采动煤体渗透率实验室实验中关键问题进行综述研究。研究结果表明:采动应力和瓦斯压力是影响采动煤体渗透率演化的2个主控因素。采动应力路径可划分为2段式、3段式和4段式,瓦斯压力变化对煤体渗透率的影响作用包括有效应力和吸附解吸。当前实验室渗透实验中有效应力的计算方法尚不统一。低渗煤体渗透实验中滑脱效应十分显著,但滑脱效应的影响范围和不同条件下Klinkenberg系数均难以精准确定。研究结果可为煤体渗透率实验室测定提供有益参考。     

煤层注热CO2驱替CH4特性实验研究*

为研究注CO2增产煤层气过程中注气温度对煤层渗透特性变化的影响,利用自主研发的CO2置换驱替CH4实验系统,在注气温度为40,50,60 ℃条件下进行CO2置换驱替CH4实验,定量分析置换驱替过程中出口气体流量、孔隙压力以及煤层渗透率等变化规律。研究结果表明:在实验测试的40~60 ℃范围内,提高CO2注入温度有助于产出更多的CH4及封存CO2,CO2注入温度越高,出口混合气体流量和CH4气体流量越大,呈现出先升高后降低并趋于稳定的变化趋势,实验结束时置换体积比分别为2.704,2.741和2.595,注气温度为60 ℃时驱替效果较好,每产出单位体积的CH4注入的CO2量最少;煤层孔隙压力随注气时间呈现先逐渐上升后趋于平稳的变化趋势,逐渐趋近注气压力0.8 MPa;注CO2置换驱替CH4及提高CO2注入温度会降低煤层的渗透性,注气温度恒定时,渗透率随注气时间增加呈现先逐渐降低后趋于平稳的变化规律,注气温度由40 ℃升至60 ℃时,渗透率从0.017 1×10-15 m2下降至0.009 8×10-15 m2,降低幅度为34.50%~42.69%。     

Abatement of mixed volatile organic compounds in a catalytic hybrid surface/packed-bed discharge plasma reactor

In this study, post plasma-catalysis degradation of mixed volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) has been performed in a hybrid surface/packed-bed discharge plasma reactor with Ag-Ce/g-Al₂O₃ catalyst at room temperature. The effect of relative air humidity on mixed VOCs degradation has also been investigated in both plasma-only and PPC systems. In comparison to the plasma-only system, a significant improvement can be observed in the degradation performance of mixed VOCs in PPC system with Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. In PPC system, 68% benzene, 89% toluene, and 94% xylene were degraded at 800 J·L^–1, respectively, which were 25%, 11%, and 9% higher than those in plasma-only system. This result can be attributed to the high catalytic activity of Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst to effectively decompose O₃ and lead to generating more reactive species which are capable of destructing the VOCs molecules completely. Moreover, the presence of Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst in plasma significantly decreased the emission of discharge byproducts (NO_x and O₃) and promoted the mineralization of mixed VOCs towards CO₂. Adding a small amount of water vapor into PPC system enhanced the degradation efficiencies of mixed VOCs, however, further increasing water vapor had a negative impact on the degradation efficiencies, which was primarily attributed to the quenching of energetic electrons by water vapor in plasma and the competitive adsorption of water vapor on the catalyst surface. Meanwhile, the catalysts before and after discharge were characterized by the Brunauer-Emment-Teller and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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不同瓦斯压力和孔隙率的原煤电阻率和渗透率变化规律研究

为了解不同瓦斯压力和孔隙率下原煤的电阻率和渗透率变化及电阻率和渗透率的响应规律,以淮南矿区谢一矿51采区C15煤层煤体为研究对象,研究不同瓦斯压力和孔隙率下煤样三轴压缩全过程的电阻率与渗透率的变化规律。研究结果表明:孔隙率相同时,最小电阻率和最小渗透率随着瓦斯压力的增大先增加后减小,瓦斯压力在4 MPa时,最小渗透率基本为0;瓦斯压力相同时,最小电阻率和最小渗透率随着孔隙率的增大而增大;全应力应变过程电阻率和渗透率满足随应变的增大先减小后增大的规律,不同加载阶段电阻率变化和渗透率变化规律保持一致,渗透率变化幅度比-应变曲线拐点滞后于电阻率变化幅度比-应变曲线;可利用电阻率变化规律反映应力变化以及渗透率变化情况。     

强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术研究

为了研究强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术,安全、顺利地揭煤,基于海孜矿Ⅱ32主运石门地质条件和瓦斯赋存状况,对近距离煤层群9+8煤层实施密集预抽钻孔抽采瓦斯与低压水力冲孔卸压增透相结合的措施,防治煤与瓦斯突出。结果表明:低压水力冲孔冲煤率达到4.5%;冲孔后瓦斯抽采流量为未冲孔的10倍以上;整体瓦斯抽采率达到71.7%,比以前提高了约1.6倍,卸压增透效果明显。预抽钻孔抽采后,9煤、8煤的残余瓦斯压力,分别为0.3MPa、0.22MPa,残余瓦斯含量分别为5.23m3/t、5.13m3/t,防突效果显著,可安全、顺利地揭开9+8煤层。     

原油在土壤中的渗透及降解规律

为了了解原油在江苏地区土壤中的迁移转化规律,真武油田分别在多雨及少雨季节进行了原油在土壤中的渗透及降解实验。实验结果表明：随着时间的增加,原油在土壤中的渗透作用逐渐加强;而其降解的可能性较小。     

关于环境监测成本核算的探讨

本文针对目前科技体制改革与市场经济发展的现状，主要探讨了环境科研监测部门在全企业做好服务的基础上，如何加强成本管理，怎样进行成本核算，认真按照收费标准合理收费，从而实现环境监测与市场收费的协调发展。     

填埋场排水层结构对其渗透性能的影响

垃圾填埋场存在着因渗滤液收集和排水系统渗透性能减弱而失效的问题,威胁着填埋场的安全稳定及其周边地质环境。因此,研究填埋场排水层结构及其渗透性演变规律对垃圾填埋场的正常运营及其对周边环境的影响评价具有重要现实意义。以相似理论为基础,采用现场垃圾渗滤液作为渗流流体,对比分析了2种结构排水层、3个渗流段的排水孔隙度和渗透性的演变规律。研究结果表明:渗滤液在单粒组结构排水层渗流时,第3渗流段渗透性的变化滞后于第2渗流段及第1渗流段;砂砾粒径较渗流深度对排水孔隙度的影响作用更大;砂砾粒径越大,排水层淤堵的发生时间越晚;在排水层中间段设置粒径较大的砂砾层,可以减缓排水层渗透性的降低速率。