Migration of contaminants through the unsaturated zone overlying the Hesbaye chalky aquifer in Belgium: a field investigation

This paper presents the results of a detailed field investigation that was performed for studying groundwater recharge processes and solute downward migration mechanisms prevailing in the unsaturated zone overlying a chalk aquifer in Belgium. Various laboratory measurements were performed on core samples collected during the drilling of boreholes in the experimental site. In the field, experiments consisted of well logging, infiltration tests in the unsaturated zone, pumping tests in the saturated zone and tracer tests in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. Results show that gravitational flows govern groundwater recharge and solute migration mechanisms in the unsaturated zone. In the variably saturated chalk, the migration and retardation of solutes is strongly influenced by recharge conditions. Under intense injection conditions, solutes migrate at high speed along the partially saturated fissures, downward to the saturated zone. At the same time, they are temporarily retarded in the almost immobile water located in the chalk matrix. Under normal recharge conditions, fissures are inactive and solutes migrate slowly through the chalk matrix. Results also show that concentration dynamics in the saturated zone are related to fluctuations of groundwater levels in the aquifer. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the hydrodispersive behaviour of the variably saturated chalk. Finally, the vulnerability of the chalk to contamination issues occurring at the land surface is discussed.     

室内霉菌污染原因及其控制对策

通过对建筑墙体内湿气迁移过程的研究，详细分析了霉菌污染产生的原因。通过夏、冬两季平均气候条件下沿墙厚度温度、相对湿度分布和湿积累量的具体计算，得出墙内的相对湿度将达到或超过70％，有时甚至处于饱和状态，从而为霉菌的生长提供了有利条件。基于分析结果，提出了对于室内霉菌污染的控制对策。     

辽宁东部山区几种主要森林植被类型土壤渗透性能研究

沿辽河水系设置临时标准地 ,对辽宁东部山区具有代表性的油松林、落叶松林、红松林、柞木林、杂木林及灌丛 6种植被类型的土壤水分的入渗性能进行了研究。结果表明 ,辽东山区 6种植被类型下土壤都表现出较强的渗透性能。A层的初始入渗率 (f0 /mm·min- 1) 1 2 .8～ 6 1 .1 ,平均值为 38.7,B层 1 6 .8～4 1 .7,平均值为 2 7.0 ,C层 2 9.2～ 38.2 ,平均值为 2 4 .4 ;A层的稳定入渗率 (fc/mm·min- 1) 2 .6～ 4 .2 ,平均值为 3.5 ,B层 2 .2～ 4 .1 ,平均值为 2 .9,C层 1 .1～ 3.3,平均值为 2 .2 ;A层的饱和导水率 (k10 /mm·min- 1)1 .5 3～ 2 .2 3,平均值为 1 .86 ,B层 0 .77～ 2 .0 5 ,平均值为 1 .2 7,C层 0 .5 0～ 1 .2 8,平均值为 0 .79。不同植被类型下不同土壤发生层次的入渗能力差异显著 :一般地 ,阔叶林下土壤的入渗性能明显好于针叶林 ,榛丛下土壤也表现出很好的渗透性能 ;不同土层入渗性能大小为A层 >B层 >C层。林龄差异在 2个龄级以上时 ,林龄越大 ,土壤初渗性能越好。用Horton方程拟合土壤饱和渗透过程 ,模拟结果与实测结果相近。     

第三系红层下石林的岩溶动力学特征

区域地球化学表明 ,第三系泉水及直接被第三系覆盖的灰岩泉水的SIC在雨季小于 0 ,在旱季大于 0。在祭白龙洞 ,地表被第三系覆盖洞段滴水的暂时硬度比地表无此覆盖层的滴水小 1 .6～ 3mmol/L ,pH值也较低。第三系盖层中空气CO2 浓度为 1 0 0 0 0～ 1 4 0 0 0mg/m3,随深度下降。第三系的裂隙最大渗透张量为 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5m/d,高于石灰岩。野外溶蚀试验结果 ,第三系盖层中石灰岩的溶蚀速率为 1 .5mg/ 1 0 0d,且垂直溶蚀速率与水平溶蚀速率相当。上述特征表明 ,较高的裂隙渗透张量及随裂隙下渗的富侵蚀性的水是石芽、石林发育的两个重要因素。这也是为什么发育好的石林常常伴随残留的小面积第三系出现的原因     

丁二酸钠对氯化钙和水玻璃溶液的渗透性影响

采用正向渗透试验方法测定了氯化钙和水玻璃溶液添加丁二酸钠后溶液在粉尘介质中的渗透规律。该研究结果可有效利用氯化钙和水玻璃进行固土抑尘。     

模拟酸雨对菜豆叶片的伤害和Mefluidide保护效应的研究

酸雨的污染和危害已成为一个世界性的问题,我国的酸雨危害也日渐引起关注.由于酸雨所涉及到的地区不少是农作区,必然会危及农作物的产量.近年来对酸雨危害作物的机理已有报道,但关于寻求保护作物免于酸雨危害的研究则不多见.已有报道,Mefluidide(N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenylacetamide)(N-[2,4-二甲基-5-[(三氟甲基)磺酰]氨基]苯乙酰胺),一种合成的植物生长调节物质,对植物生长和发育以及物质代谢都有影响,尤其是能有效地保护低温敏感作物免于冷害,而且发现Mefluidide处理的植物,在冷害期间不表现细胞膜透性的增加.另外,有人发现pH2.0—4.0的模拟酸雨喷洒植株(青菜、菠菜和萝卜等)也会导致膜透性增加.我们以模拟酸雨引起菜豆叶片的伤害症状和一些生理指标为依据,     

高温高压高含CO2环境下两种氟橡胶密封可靠性评价

目的 研究两种氟橡胶O型圈在总压为25 MPa,CO2体积分数为5%,温度为120 ℃,液相介质Cl^?质量浓度为7000 mg/L的高温高压高含CO2工况下的密封可靠性。方法 通过高温高压釜模拟井下实际工况,采用自研橡胶O型圈密封装置实现试样的承压状态,以物理性能、腐蚀形貌和抗渗透性能为考察指标,对两种氟橡胶O型圈的耐蚀性能和密封性能进行测试评价。结果 氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由18.1 MPa下降为13.4 MPa,拉断伸长率由172.8%下降为151.9%。AFLAS橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由21 MPa下降为14.6 MPa,拉断伸长率由277%下降为212.3%,硬度从84HA下降为75.5HA,表面破损严重。两种橡胶O型圈抗渗透性能随压差增大、温度上升而减弱。结论 承压状态下,两种橡胶O型圈性能衰减程度低于自由状态,氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下表现出更好的密封可靠性。     

纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的实验研究

为有效缓解乳化油在原位修复地下水污染过程中所产生的堵塞及修复效率降低的问题,采用升温相转变技术手段,制备纳米乳化油.并采用一维柱实验,开展微米及纳米乳化油在多孔介质中的迁移研究,对比分析微米及纳米乳化油造成多孔介质的渗透性损失、在多孔介质中的截留比率及迁移距离等问题,探究纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的效果.实验结果显示,微米及纳米乳化油所导致的中砂介质渗透性损失分别为20.40%和3.20%,乳化油截留比率分别为28.51%和20.15%.由此可见,乳化油截留是多孔介质渗透性损失的重要原因,减小乳化油粒径可有效缓解多孔介质的渗透性损失.与微米乳化油相比,纳米乳化油有效降低中、细砂介质渗透性损失84.3%和47.5%.此外,乳化油截留对多孔介质渗透性损失的影响在一定程度上也影响到其在多孔介质中的迁移距离,微米及纳米乳化油在中砂介质中的迁移距离分别为6.53 m和8.19 m.相比之下,纳米乳化油所导致的细砂介质渗透性损失为10.70%,截留比率为25.71%,迁移距离为7.36 m,说明纳米乳化油迁移效果更佳,可适用介质范围更广.     

超长工作面CO2相变致裂分区增透高效抽采技术试验研究

针对超长工作面抽采时间不均衡导致抽采达标时间长的问题,提出了工作面分区增透高效抽采技术,运用分组试验和理论分析的方法,研究了不同布孔工艺参数条件下CO₂相变致裂对低透煤层瓦斯抽采的增透作用规律,并在试验工作面进行了工业应用。研究结果表明:CO₂相变致裂技术对低透煤层增透促抽效果良好,与未致裂抽采相比,采用间距20,10,5 m致裂孔致裂条件下进行抽采时煤层透气性系数分别提高1.8,2.6,5.8倍,平均抽采体积分数分别提高1.9,3.5,4.2倍,平均抽采纯量分别提高2.4,4.2,6.2倍。试验工作面应用分区增透高效抽采技术后,整个工作面形成后仅需抽采87 d即可达标进行回采,显著缩短了抽采周期,对高瓦斯低透煤层缓解采掘接替紧张及提高瓦斯抽采效率具有重要借鉴意义。     

Competition and group size in Thomas’s langurs (Presbytis thomasi): the folivore paradox revisited

Among primates, group size is highly variable. The standard ecological model assumes that better predation avoidance as group size increases favours living in larger groups, whereas increased travel costs and reduced net food intake due to within-group competition for resources set the upper limit. Folivorous primates, however, tend to defy this generalisation in that some live in small groups despite low costs of feeding competition. To resolve this ’folivore paradox’, it has been suggested that folivore group size is limited by social factors such as male harassment or infanticide, or that females can disperse more easily and thus maintain group size near optimum levels. In this paper, we examine the effects of group size on home range size, day-journey length, activity budget and diet in wild Thomas’s langurs (Presbytis thomasi), which live in one-male multi-female groups with a limited life cycle. We examined only data from the stable middle tenure phase when factors such as the strength of the breeding male or the way in which groups were formed did not influence ranging and activities. During this phase, group size affected day-journey length and home range size, and had a minor effect on diet, but did not influence time spent feeding or resting, allogrooming or birth rates. Hence the upper limit to group size during the middle tenure phase in Thomas’s langurs is not set by feeding competition. The folivore paradox is not due to frequent female dispersal in Thomas’s langurs. The timing of female dispersal is not as expected if it serves to keep group sizes near the ecological optimum, and groups seem to be below this optimum. Instead, female reproductive success is presumably maximised in small to mid-sized groups because larger groups show a clear trend to experience higher risk of take-over, often accompanied by infanticide. Because females can redistribute themselves among nearby groups when groups reorganise each time a new male starts up a new group, females can keep the group small. Thus, a social factor, risk of infanticide, seems to provide the selective advantage to small group size in Thomas’s langurs. Received: 29 July 1999 / Revised: 17 November 1999 / Accepted: 15 October 2000