低温期浅水湖泊氮的分布及无机氮扩散通量:以白洋淀为例

本文以我国华北地区最大的浅水湖泊白洋淀为研究对象,探究其低温期沉积物-水界面无机氮的分布特征,分析沉积物孔隙水中无机氮扩散通量对上覆水水质的影响.结果 表明,低温期白洋淀表层水总氮(TN)平均浓度范围为4.83 ～ 8.23 mg·L-1,氨氮(NH4+-N)平均浓度维持在0.21 ～0.34 mg·L-1之间,硝氮(...     

北京市典型湖泊中对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物污染特征

通过在冬季和春季分别采集北京市某典型湖泊11个点位的湖水样品,采用固相萃取-液相色谱-三重四极杆串接质谱法测定样品中14种对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物（PBs）,进而对该湖泊PBs的污染水平和分布特征进行分析。结果表明：湖水中共检出10种PBs,其中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（MeP）和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（ PrP）浓度较高,分别为24.8、44.8 ng/L;同一采样点检出的PBs浓度随季节性变化而变化,与冬季相比,氯代对羟基苯甲酸酯（氯代-PBs）在春季浓度偏低,冬季靠近污水处理厂排污口水样中,氯代-PBs浓度高于其他采样点;外来污水是湖水中PBs的主要来源,春季电厂排水口MeP浓度（24.8 ng/L）高于冬季（1.30 ng/L）。调查结果显示,该湖泊中PBs种类和浓度水平与其他国家地表水相比,属中等浓度水平,湖泊中PBs主要来源于周边污水排放,不同季节PBs浓度变化较大。

     

疏浚对练江峡山大溪流域沉积物营养盐的影响分析

以练江峡山大溪流域为研究对象,通过分析疏浚前后10个点位表层沉积物有机质（OM）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度以及间隙水和上覆水中氨氮（NH₄ ⁺-N）、TN和TP浓度,以揭示疏浚对表层沉积物营养盐的时空分布及释放过程的影响,并对疏浚后表层沉积物污染状况进行评价。结果表明：疏浚后间隙水和上覆水中TP、TN、NH₄ ⁺-N浓度均显著下降,表层沉积物中OM和TN平均浓度较疏浚前分别下降53.3%、54.5%,有接近1/2点位的表层沉积物出现TP浓度高于疏浚前的现象,疏浚对表层沉积物中营养物移除能力为TN>OM>TP;疏浚后表层沉积物OM、TN和TP污染情况较疏浚前有所改观,但污染程度依然处于较高等级;疏浚后,沉积物中的氮表现为“源”,而磷经历了从“源”到“汇”的转换,表明本次疏浚对表层沉积物间隙水中氮的内源释放有促进作用,对磷的内源释放存在抑制作用,这与本次疏浚的深度、沉积物的理化性质及赋存环境的改变有关。

     

长潭水库湖滨带、缓冲带范围划定及生态修复实践

长潭水库作为台州地区重要的饮用水水源地,对地区发展和社会稳定具有重要意义。选择长潭水库为研究对象,参考《浙江省湖库生态缓冲带划定与生态修复技术指南(试行)》划定湖滨带、缓冲带范围并开展生态修复实践。结果表明：长潭水库湖滨带总长度约97 km,分为山体型、自然滩地型、农田型、公路型、河口型、水库大坝型6种类型,长度占比分别为42.6%、25.3%、3.4%、20.6%、7.6%、0.5%;长潭水库缓冲带分为山体型、农田型、水库大坝型3种类型,面积分别为46.73、2.89、0.168 km²。在划定长潭水库湖滨带、缓冲带范围的基础上,识别其主要环境问题并选取重点生态修复区,从干扰去除、污染防治、生态恢复3个方面研究提出了具有针对性的生态修复对策,以期营造具有较强保护调节能力、人与自然和谐相处的水库岸带生态缓冲系统。

     

大气压等离子体射流在环境领域的应用进展

大气压等离子体射流（APPJ）是一种新兴的大气压等离子体放电技术,其在大气压下产生,具有放电温度和激发电压低、放电装置灵活、操作简便安全等优点,能够在大气环境中产生,在生物医学、环境卫生、材料改性等多领域具有广泛的应用前景。概述了近年来国内外APPJ在环境卫生和环境污染治理等环境领域,特别是环境灭菌、环境污染物去除和环境藻类治理等方面的应用;阐述了APPJ的射流装置与处理方式、效果和机理;基于研究现状,探讨了APPJ在环境领域应用存在的问题与解决途径,主要包括其灭菌降解机理、试验规模放大、等离子体射流发生装置设计和等离子体射流电源研发;最后展望了该技术未来在环境领域应用的发展方向和趋势。

     

我国堰塞湖致因分析及灾害链构建研究

为揭示我国堰塞湖形成机理,基于堰塞湖实际案例,依据灾害链式演变规律,构建我国堰塞湖灾害链模型;以灾害链模型中各因素为节点,各因素间作用关系为边,构建我国堰塞湖灾害链演化网络模型,利用Gephi软件实现灾害链演化网络可视化和拓扑参数计算,最终确定堰塞湖防治关键因素.结果表明:持续降雨作用于山地地貌,导致山体滑坡,该类堰塞...     

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments From the Open Adriatic

This paper presents the results of the examination of concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the middle of the Adriatic. the sampling area was chosen as part of the protection programme of the Adriatic Sea and is located at two transverse transects, each consisting of four stations. the sediments were collected during the summer cruise of 1990. Quantification of individual components was performed by Capillary Gas Chromatography (CGC) using reference standards. Areal distribution of the concentrations of HCB, lindane, DDT and its metabolites, dieldrin, endrin and PCBs are presented. the values obtained varied within a wide range of concentration from 20 pg/g dry weight for lindane to 700 pg/g dry weight for Σ DDT and the sum of PCBs as Aroclor 1254 from 0.3 to 6.6 ng/g.

The main source of these compounds is thought to be from suspended matter entering the Adriatic sea via the River Po and transported by currents to its middle part.     

国外用遥感研究灾害的现状及其发展

本文着重介绍了美、苏、加、日等国在使用遥感技术对地震、滑坡、泥石流、火山、洪水等灾害进行观测研究的状况及其发展动态,可供借鉴。     

137Cs Inventory in Abiotic Component and Biota From the Aegean and Ionian Sea - Greece

This study deals with ¹³⁷Cs dispersion and behaviour in the Aegean and Ionian Sea based on work done during the period 1984-1994, as a brief general review. Sea water, sediment and marine biota were analysed and measured by gamma spectrometry and the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs were evaluated with consideration to the sources of pollution. According to ¹³⁷Cs levels the period is distinguished into three sub-periods, the pre-Chernobyl, the early Chernobyl influence and the late Chernobyl influence period. During the early period of the Chernobyl accident the ¹³⁷Cs levels in the Greek marine environment increased roughly up to an order of magnitude if compared with the pre-accident ones. Since 1988, the late impact of the accident is focused mainly in the North Aegean Sea, at the Dardanelles mouth, due to the Black Sea outflow.     

Effects of Nitrate Nitrogen Additions on Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters in Lake Enclosures

The effects of nitrate additions on the physics, chemistry and biology of lake water were studied in 5 × 10 m polyethylene enclosures installed in Lake Kastoria, a shallow eutrophic lake in Northern Greece. The water physics, chemistry, chlorophyll a and nitrogenase activity were monitored from July 10 till October 17 1985 at 2 week intervals. The experiment included a control enclosure.

Water confinement in the control enclosure resulted in ammonia accumulation, a slight decrease in chlorophyll a, a significant reduction of nitrogenase activity and an increase in phosphorus release from the sediments at the end of the experimental period.

The addition of KNO₃ resulted in higher than the control accumulation of NH₃, chlorophyll reduction, increase in water transparency and reduction of nitrogenase activity. Large losses of nitrogen added were measured which were attributed to denitrification, organic matter sedimentation and ammonia volatilization. Anaerobic but not aerobic phosphorus release from sediments was inhibited at the end of the period. The reduction of nitrogenase activity and of chlorophyll a concentration are attributed to changes in phytoplankton composition from blue-greens to small-sized species grazed by zooplankters.