原子荧光法测砷的测量不确定度评定报告

根据原子荧光光度法,用吉天AFS－830原子荧光光度计测定水样中的总砷,并且分析了主要的测量不确定度来源,即工作曲线不确定度、标准溶液不确定度、测量重复性不确定度和仪器分辨率不确定度,分别量化后合成测得总砷的测量不确定度。     

湿式提砷法在处理工业废水及废渣中的应用

采用硫化法去除冶金工业酸性废水中的砷．除砷形成的含砷（ 主要成分 As₂S₃） 废渣用浓硫酸处理,废渣中的砷元素以 As₂O₃ 形式回收,纯度达99.4 ％ ,同时回收副产物硫磺等．试验结果表明,该方法的化学反应速度快,工艺过程稳定,砷的总回收率达95 ％ 以上,除砷效率可达99.99 ％ ．     

石煤开发利用重金属污染现状调查研究

报道了湖南、江西和浙江三省石煤开发利用过程中石煤、石煤渣、碳化砖、石煤烟尘灰、矿区周围土壤、水体和气溶胶部分重金属含量的调查方法和主要结果。调查结果表明：石煤的开采和利用对周围的土壤、水体和空气产生了一定污染,尤其是剧毒物质Cd和As的污染应引起高度重视。     

电脑散热风扇灰尘中多溴二苯醚的污染特征和环境健康风险评价

不同模型对土壤污染物空间分布预测精度具有重要影响,针对现有方法不能较好模拟土壤污染物较强的空间变异特征以及缺乏对影响污染物空间分布的关键环境因子识别,本研究基于随机森林（RF）模型,通过融合多源环境要素,开展了某冶炼厂周边农田土壤砷含量空间分布预测研究,并与反距离加权（IDW）和逐步线性回归模型（STEPREG）相比较.结果表明,研究区农田土壤砷污染范围较广,污染严重区域主要分布在研究区南部,3种模型模拟的砷污染空间分布虽总体趋势相似,但局部区域差异明显,IDW和STEPREG模型不能很好地反映研究区土壤污染的强空间变异特征,RF模型模拟结果较好的表达局部高污染区域的细部变化.不同环境要素对农田土壤砷含量空间分布影响的重要性不同,研究区环境变量和地形变量是影响土壤砷含量空间分布的关键环境因子.交叉验证结果表明,RF模型相对IDW和STEPREG模型具有最小的均方根误差（RMSE）、平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均误差（ME）和最大的R²,RF模型的RMSE、MAE、ME较IDW模型分别降低了10.8%、5.5%和88.1%,较STEPREG模型分别降低了17.8%、18.4%和94.7%,表明采用RF模型对研究区农田土壤砷含量预测精度最高,取得了最优的预测效果.本研究结果能够为土壤重金属污染空间分布制图提供方法学参考.     

高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤砷的分布特征探究

通过对贵州兴仁县交乐村高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤总砷的分布特征进行研究。文章对土壤总砷、pH值及有机质含量进行了分析,结果表明,污灌区土壤砷的含量最高达237.55mg/kg,最低为24.20mg/kg,平均As含量为85.62mg/kg,均高于世界、中国及贵州黄壤中的平均水平;pH平均值为5.12,属酸性土壤;有机质含量普遍偏高;高砷煤矿废水灌溉导致了灌区土壤中砷的累积。灌溉方式影响了土壤中砷的迁移与分布情况,土壤中砷的含量,随着与灌溉水源距离的增加而急剧降低。研究区土壤中砷的迁移较缓慢,但有向下游逐渐扩散的趋势。土壤总砷含量受到了pH值和有机质影响,但与两者的相关性并不明显。     

灵芝中重金属的检测及其健康风险初步评价

为了研究灵芝中重金属的污染状况,对北京市一些药店及部分中医门诊部所售的不同产地灵芝中的As、Hg、Pb等重金属元素含量进行了测定.结果表明,灵芝中As含量范围为0.016￣0.239mg·kg-1,平均值0.117mg·kg-1,Hg含量范围从未检出到0.43mg·kg-1,平均值0.115mg·kg-1,Pb含量范围从未检出到0.256mg·kg-1,平均值0.047mg·kg-1,As、Pb含量均符合我国《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》,Hg有5例超标,占样品总数的25%,主要是野生灵芝.健康风险初步评价结果表明,服用灵芝的人群,成人每人每日通过灵芝摄入As、Hg、Pb分别为0.18￣2.3μg、0.17￣2.3μg、0.07￣0.94μg,分别占每日允许摄入量(ADI)的0.14%￣1.9%、0.4%￣5.4%、0.03%￣0.4%,对人体健康风险不大.但是对于个别野生和人工种植灵芝而言,每日摄入总汞量可达0.47￣6.24μg,占ADI的1.1%￣15%,对人体健康存在一定的风险.     

条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与富集砷的关系

研究条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与条斑紫菜富集砷的关系。结果表明:条斑紫菜吸收磷、钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中,平均占总磷含量的53.9%,占总钙含量的61.25%,其次为细胞液。与对照组相比(砷暴露浓度0.5 mg·L~(-1)),在添加磷浓度为0.1 mg·L~(-1)和1.0 mg·L~(-1)处理组中,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间呈现协同效应;当添加磷浓度为5.0 mg·L~(-1)和10.0 mg·L~(-1)时,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间则呈现拮抗作用,砷的富集量分别比照组下降61.37%和72.73%。经添加钙液暴露过的条斑紫菜,当钙暴露浓度为1 000 mg·L~(-1)时其对砷的富集量比对照组减少15.51%。可知,5.0 mg·L~(-1)磷处理条斑紫菜,条斑紫菜对砷的富集受到明显的抑制。     

Nexus between polymer support and metal oxide nanoparticles in hybrid nanosorbent materials (HNMs) for sorption/desorption of target ligands

Metal oxide nanoparticles like hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) or hydrated zirconium oxide (HZrO) are excellent sorbents for environmentally significant ligands like phosphate, arsenic, or fluoride, present at trace concentrations. Since the sorption capacity is surface dependent for HFO and HZrO, nanoscale sizes offer significant enhancement in performance. However, due to their miniscule sizes, low attrition resistance, and poor durability they are unable to be used in typical plug-flow column setups. Meanwhile ion exchange resins, which have no specific affinity toward anionic ligands, are durable and chemically stable. By impregnating metal oxide nanoparticles inside a polymer support, with or without functional groups, a hybrid nanosorbent material (HNM) can be prepared. A HNM is durable, mechanically strong, and chemically stable. The functional groups of the polymeric support will affect the overall removal efficiency of the ligands exerted by the Donnan Membrane Effect. For example, the removal of arsenic by HFO or the removal of fluoride by HZrO is enhanced by using anion exchange resins. The HNM can be precisely tuned to remove one type of contaminant over another type. Also, the physical morphology of the support material, spherical bead versus ion exchange fiber, has a significant effect on kinetics of sorption and desorption. HNMs also possess dual sorption sites and are capable of removing multiple contaminants, namely, arsenate and perchlorate, concurrently.     

Probability distributions of arsenic in soil from brownfield sites in Beijing (China): statistical characterization of the background populations and implications for site assessment studies

A probabilistic analysis was performed on soil arsenic concentration data from 4 brownfield sites at Beijing (Chaoyang and Haidian Districts), involved in environmental assessment studies. The available data sets were processed to provide a statistical characterization of the background populations and differentiate “anomalous data” from the natural range of variation of arsenic concentrations in soil. The site-specific background distributions and the existing wide-scale background values defined for the Beijing area were compared, discussing related implications for the definition of metal contamination soil screening levels (SSLs) in site assessment studies. The statistical analysis of As data sets discriminated site-specific background populations, encompassing 88% to 94% of the sample data, from outliers values, associated with either subsoil natural enrichments or possible anthropogenic releases. Upper Baseline Concentration (UBC) limits (+ 2σ level), including most of the site-specific metal background variability, were derived based on the statistical characterization of the background populations. Sites in the Chaoyang South District area had UBC values in the range 10.4–12.6 mg·kg^-1. These ranges provide meaningful SSL values to be adopted for As in local site assessment studies. Using the wide-scale background value for the Beijing area would have erroneously classified most of the areas in the subject sites as potentially contaminated.     

燃煤型砷中毒病区尿砷甲基化代谢和砷致皮肤损伤危险度的关系初探

砷中毒具有特异的皮肤损伤特征。为了研究燃煤型砷中毒病区高砷暴露、人体甲基化代谢能力与皮肤损伤患病风险之间的关系,在陕南典型燃煤型砷中毒村进行了皮肤损伤诊断和流行病学调查,采集尿样并分析总砷及形态砷含量,同时计算了用于表征人体砷甲基化代谢能力的指标包括尿中无机砷、一甲基砷和二甲基砷占总砷的百分含量(i As%、MMA%、DMA%),以及一甲基化率(PMI=MMA/i As)和二甲基化率(SMI=DMA/MMA)。Logistic回归分析结果表明:尿总砷含量(UTAs)是砷致皮肤损伤的危险因素(OR=1.038,95%CI:1.003~1.073),二甲基砷百分含量和SMI是皮肤损伤的保护因素(OR=0.883,95%CI:0.798~0.976;OR=0.724,95%CI:0.535~0.978);且砷致皮肤损伤的危险度随砷暴露水平的增高和甲基化能力的降低而增大。