可控震源振动器系统不确定性分析

为了解决可控震源施工过程中振动器系统的安全性问题,采用故障树法建立仿真 模型。通过失效分析得出各故障单元的失效模式及单元间分布规律,计算出振动器系统 的可靠度。开展对该系统敏感性的不确定性分析,得出影响振动器系统可靠性的关键因 素为重锤上部密封失效。采用有限元法对其应力场进行模拟仿真。结果表明:随着工作 频率的升高,O形圈应力波动越大,密封越容易失效。Von Mises应力随压缩率的增大先 减小后增大,随槽口半径的增大而增大;接触应力在一定范围内随压缩率及槽口半径的 增大而增大。为振动器的结构优化与可靠性设计提供理论依据,并为油气资源勘探开发 的安全作业提供工程应用指导。     

卷烟膨胀烟丝生产线冷端CO_2泵装置的优化改进

为解决干冰膨胀烟丝生产线冷端液体工艺泵因机械密封长期超压和气缚现象造成损坏发生CO2泄漏而导致紧急停机抢修的问题,对干冰膨胀线冷端工艺罐系统进行了优化改进。在工艺泵吸口前管路引一根气相平衡管至工艺罐顶部,当泵吸口前管路有CO2液体时,输送管路内气化的CO2气体通过气相平衡管线释放回工艺罐内,不会进入工艺泵体内。应用结果表明,工艺泵内的憋压和气缚现象消失了,机械密封受到保护。改造前机械密封平均一个季度更换一次,改造后机械密封使用5年未损毁,达到保护干冰膨胀线冷端工艺泵机械密封的目的。     

利用洗脸盆的排水保护地漏存水弯水封

简要介绍了我国地漏的现状与问题,并结合SARS病毒在香港淘大花园传播的原因,说明了地漏安全问题的严重性。根据香港城市大学的实验,提出了利用洗脸盆排水保护地漏存水弯水封,从而解决地漏的安全问题。     

渤海海域船舶防污设备铅封的可行性

从船舶排污口确认、船舶防污设备铅封要求和方法等方面，介绍说明渤海海域船舶防污设备铅封的可行性。     

丁腈橡胶密封圈高温老化行为——自由状态和承压状态

目的研究丁腈橡胶密封圈自由状态和承压状态下的高温老化行为。方法以拉伸强度和拉断伸长率为参数,对各温度下的老化行为进行表征和分析。结果 70℃条件下机械应力大大加快了橡胶密封件拉伸强度的下降速率,以致试验64 d时拉伸强度甚至比110℃时还低,拉断伸长率的下降速率也明显加快了;90℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度的下降有一定的促进作用,但对拉断伸长率的变化基本无影响;110℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度和拉断伸长率均没有明显的影响。结论机械应力在较低温度下可以显著促进丁腈橡胶密封圈热氧老化,高温条件下促进作用不明显。     

衍生T形槽干气密封稳态性能研究

目的 设计具备双向旋转特点的动压型干气密封端面结构,并展现良好的开启性能,以T形槽为优化对象,衍生出一种新型槽型结构。方法 借助有限元软件,计算并对比经典T形槽与衍生槽型在流场特性和稳态性能方面的差异,探讨不同参数对2种槽型干气密封稳态性能的影响规律,揭示衍生槽型的密封机理。结果 衍生槽型的开启力高于经典T形槽,泄漏率也会增加。随着工况参数的升高,2种槽型的稳态性能参数近似线性增加,且差异逐渐增大,最小差异达到6.6%。随着槽深的增加,泄漏率方面的差距在逐渐减小,为扩大衍生槽型的控漏效果,槽深应>5μm。开设有引流槽型结构的衍生槽型稳态性能顺序为发散型>直口型>收敛型,但在文中的工况下,数值差别较小,最大仅为1.2%。结论 相比于经典T形槽,衍生槽型具有更强的动压效应,开启性能明显提升。另外,通过开设不同形式的引流槽可以改变气膜的流动特性和干气密封性能。     

基于锡合金的水下机器人密封自修复系统设计

目的 解决水下机器人推进器密封系统在驱动电机轴高速旋转和高水压情况下,密封件易磨损失效导致发生漏水故障的问题。方法 利用余度设计思想,在原有密封结构的基础上,设计一种基于锡合金的水下机器人密封自修复系统,当原有密封结构失效漏水,密封自修复系统便控制限位锡合金块加热至融化,使锡合金块的限位作用消失,进而释放冗余密封圈,并通过拉簧的作用将冗余密封圈推至密封槽内,从而恢复推进器的密封功能。为验证设计的可靠性,又通过有限元软件ANSYS对密封自修复结构中影响密封性能的关键部件进行静力学分析。结果 关键部件的强度仿真结果均满足设计要求,在密封自修复实验装置箱体内注适量水,并施加2 MPa的水压保持一段时间,密封自修复系统成功启动,且其密封性能传感器未检测到其漏水。结论 密封自修复系统可在漏水的情况下顺利启动,并起到密封的作用,验证了设计的可行性。     

Study of mechanical aspects of leak tightness in a pressure relief valve using advanced FE-analysis

This paper presents a numerical study involving the deformation of contact faces in the metal-to-metal seal in a typical pressure relief valve. The valve geometry is simplified to an axisymmetric problem, which comprises a simple geometry consisting of only 3 components. A cylindrical nozzle, which has a valve seat on top, contacts with a disk, which is preloaded by a compressed linear spring. All the components are made of AISI type 316N(L) steel defined using the multilinear kinematic hardening model based on monotonic and cyclic tests at 20° C. In-service observations show that there is a limited fluid leakage through the valve seat at operational pressures about 90% of the set pressure, which is caused by the fluid penetrating into surface asperities at the microscale. Nonlinear FEA in ANSYS using the fluid pressure penetration (FPP) technique revealed that there is a limited amount of fluid penetrating into gap, which is caused by the plastic deformation of the valve seat at the macroscale. Prediction of the fluid pressure distribution over the valve seat just before the valve lift is addressed in this study considering the FPP interaction on multiscale. This is the principal scope, since it allows adjustment of the valve spring force in order to improve the leak tightness.     

盘式曝气器的结构优化设计

盘式曝气器是目前城市污水处理厂主要采用的曝气设备之一。但目前盘式曝气器存在充氧能力低、阻力损失大、使用寿命短等技术问题，增加了城市污水处理厂运行成本，降低了运行效能。针对这些问题，对盘式曝气器进行了结构优化设计。通过结构优化，既改善了曝气器的抗撕裂性和自闭性，同时叉提高了充氧能力，降低了曝气阻力损失。     

Mate choice among sympatric fur seals: female preference for conphenotypic males

When closely related species breed in sympatry, and where hybrids have lower fitness, reinforcement theory predicts that selection should favour mechanisms that reduce the probability of interspecific matings. If this situation arises among species that exhibit resource defence polygyny where males and females of different species reside in the same territories, there may be some conflict between mate choice based on territory-holding ability (sexual selection) and mate choice for correct species. We investigated this in a population of fur seals where three species are sympatric and where some females breed in the territories of heterospecific males, and where interspecific matings and hybrid pups are observed. The territorial status of males and the birthing sites of females were determined during daily observations, as were the movements of males and females, the location of matings and mating partners. DNA extracted from skin samples was used to determine paternities using DNA fingerprinting and the mtDNA genotype of individuals. Individuals were also classed on the basis of species-typical phenotype. We found that extra-territory inseminations (ETIs) were significantly more prevalent (67%) when territorial males and resident females were of different phenotype than when of similar phenotype (27%), but mtDNA genotype had no effect on the rate of ETIs. ETIs were probably by males with the same phenotype, as pups born to these females in the following season had the same phenotype as their mothers, suggesting they were not hybrids. These results suggest that within the resource defence polygynous mating system of these sympatric fur seals, female mate choice is more influenced by male phenotype than genotype. Contrary to our predictions, our study indicates that potential conflict between mate choice based on sexual selection and species recognition is unlikely, because females have some capacity to discriminate between males both within and between species on phenotypic traits additional to those under sexual selection. Although at least 25% of the pups born in this study were hybrid, this study can only support reinforcement theory if hybrids have reduced fitness. The fitness of hybrids among the species studied is currently unknown. Received: 19 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 12 September 1998