廖坊水利工程对抚河流域生态承载力的影响分析

介绍了生态足迹、生态承载力的概念和基于生态足迹理论的生态承载力计算模型。为评价水利枢纽工程对生态承载力的影响,在分析该模型缺点的基础上,采用了资源产出作为生态承载力供给的计算方法。分析了江西省廖坊水利工程建成后,生态生产性土地利用的变化情况表现在灌区和下游保护区的耕地的单位生态生产力提高等方面。最后计算了廖坊水利工程兴建之前的2001年和建成后的2007年的生态承载力。计算结果表明,廖坊水利工程建成后,生态承载力有较大提高,总的生态承载力增加了79 521 hm2,其中,可耕地的生态承载力增加了74 604 hm2,由于水库淹没导致生态承载力减少了16 735 hm2。     

河流生态用水综合评价

为完善河流生态用水综合评价,从水循环中河流生态用水角度出发,以河流水量收支平衡规律为理论基础,考虑河流本底水质,采用本底水质、排放水质和河流控制目标污染物浓度表达河流生态新污径比,并推导出污水排放允许极限值,深入探讨了河流生态用水的质与量综合评价,改进了二元循环下河流生态用水的水量水质计算方法和河流生态用水的综合评价新标准,进一步完善了河流生态用水质与量综合评价模型。用此模型对黄河2002～2005年为例进行实力分析,结果表明：①在污水一级达标排放和不调水情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例在335%～545%,在Tennant等级中为较好状态,但水质不满足要求,bo>Blim;②在污水深度处理达到95 mg/L（COD）,不调水情况下,黄河生态用水质与量满足生态环境需水要求,综合评价合格;③在污水一级达标排放和南水北调调水40亿m3情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例有较大提高,综合评价合格。这说明,黄河生态用水问题不仅是水量短缺,而且水质问题更加严重。     

三峡调蓄过渡期长江河口地区不同水文年土壤水盐变化特征

通过布置土壤水盐动态监测网开展长江河口地区土壤水盐动态数据监测、采集和统计分析,研究该区不同水文年土壤水盐变化特征及水盐动态因子关系,结果表明该区不同水文年土壤水盐变化都有春秋季土壤积盐的季节性特点,但其枯水年份夏季土壤积盐更剧,土壤水盐动态各因子间存在明显相关性。针对三峡调蓄如何影响河口水情及土壤水盐动态这一问题,分析2003年6月三峡进入调蓄过渡期后河口土壤水盐实际动态情况及其影响因素,结果表明蓄水试运行后的3年,三峡调蓄对河口土壤水盐动态的影响尚不明显,气候因素对河口土壤水盐动态影响占主导地位,河口江水位偏低20 cm左右,河口咸潮入侵势头加强,雨季土壤和地下水积盐严重,影响作物生产,为此需采取各种水利农耕措施将不利影响降至最低。     

江苏淮河流域工业点源负荷空间分布特征研究

搞清流域工业点源的空间分异特征,可为水环境整治与工业规划提供参考依据。采用工业污染源普查数据建立污染源信息数据库,在GIS技术、密度分析法与ESDA方法支撑下,探析江苏淮河流域工业点源与工业污染负荷空间格局与特征。结果显示：工业点源集聚于城市、县城及专业乡镇,污染行业地域分异现象显著,其中,河流、港口及临湖地区成为高负荷工业点源集聚地区,化工、造纸、化纤与医药等行业的工业集中于临海、临河及临湖地区,饮料制造业、副食品加工业点源集中于工业化水平较低的北部流域的少数乡镇,工业氨氮多数来自化工业。在不同工业化水平下,工业污染负荷空间差异大,南部流域负荷整体水平高于北部,北部流域高负荷区分布于少数乡镇与城区     

Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

For recent years, runoff generation and hydrological processes in Hailiutu River basin have been greatly changed by climate change and human activity, especially water and soil conservation construction. In this study, the trends in precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET) and river runoff as well as the effects of precipitation change and human activity on runoff variation have been studied. The results showed that during 1960–2000, annual precipitation and river runoff, monthly precipitation and ET in September and October as well as monthly runoff in all months showed a significant decrease. In addition, peak flow and base flow had a large decrease. Under the joint influence of precipitation change and human activity, the mean annual runoff decreased by 35 million m³ from the baseline period (1960–1985) to the change period (1986–2000), which accounted for 60.9% and 39.1% of the total runoff decrease, respectively. Precipitation change played a primary role in the decrease of annual runoff whereas human activity, particularly water and soil conservation construction, also had remarkable impacts on runoff variation.     

Spatial-temporal analysis of wetland landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta

The influence of anthropogenic activities,especially artificial dykes,on the coastal wetland landscape is now considered as a serious problem to the coastal ecosystem.It is important and necessary to analyze changes of coastal landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes for the protection and management of coastal wetland.Our study aimed to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the coastal wetland landscape and its spatial-temporal dynamics under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta(YRD).It was analyzed by the methods of the statistical analysis of landscape structure,five selected landscape indices and the changes of spatial centroids of three typical wetland types,including reed marshes,tidal fiats and aquaculture-salt fields.The results showed that:(1)Reduction of wetland area,especially the degradation of natural wetlands,had been the principal problem since the dykes were constructed in the YRD.The dykes created conditions for the development of artificial wetlands.However,the new born artificial wetlands were still less than the vanished natural wetlands.(2)Compared with the open area,the building of artificial dykes significantly speeded up the changes of landscape patterns and the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation in the closed area.(3)The changes of area-weighted centroids of three typical wetland landscapes were greatly affected by dykes,and the movement of the centroid of the aquaculture-salt field was very sensitive to the dykes constructed in the corresponding period.     

Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emissions along Reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong

Abstract

There is an obvious departure from the regional equilibrium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in “the effects of contra-geography-grads development”. It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industrialization delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of “the vicious circle of poverty” by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environmental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called “the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River” is put forward supposed to give corresponding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.     

基于土壤流失的农业面源TN和TP排海系数估算

以黄河三角洲为典型研究区,通过分析区域地表污染物流失风险与入海通量的关系,构建了海岸带农业总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）面源污染排海估算模型.在此基础上,计算了包含水田、水浇地和旱地等耕地类的TN和TP面源污染排海系数,验证表明输出系数估算结果较好.研究区耕地的TN和TP排海系数分别为18.33 kg·（hm²·a）^-1和1.02 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,在夏季面源污染负荷较高.子流域尺度较大的耕地类农业面源污染负荷主要位于支脉河、广利河和小岛河管控区域.TN和TP总负荷较大的行政区主要位于北部黄河口镇和永安镇;较大的单位面积负荷在西南部.因此,需要关注农业面源污染的时间效应,同时协调社会经济发展,从子流域和行政单元的角度制定综合性面源污染防控策略,陆海统筹治理海域污染.     

Application of the target fish community model to an urban river system

Several models have been developed to assess the biological integrity of aquatic systems using fish community data. One of these, the target fish community (TFC) model, has been used primarily to assess the biological integrity of larger, mainstem rivers in southern New England with basins characterized by dispersed human activities. We tested the efficacy of the TFC approach to specify the fish community in the highly urbanized Charles River watershed in eastern Massachusetts. To create a TFC for the Charles River we assembled a list of fish species that historically inhabited the Charles River watershed, identified geomorphically and zoogeographically similar reference rivers regarded as being in high quality condition, amassed fish survey data for the reference rivers, and extracted from the collections the information needed to define a TFC. We used a similarity measurement method to assess the extent to which the study river community complies with the TFC and an inference approach to summarize the manner in which the existing fish community differed from target conditions. The five most abundant species in the TFC were common shiners (34%), fallfish (17%) redbreast sunfish (11%), white suckers (8%), and American eel (7%). Three of the five species predicted to be most abundant in the TFC were scarce or absent in the existing river community. Further, the river was dominated by macrohabitat generalists (99%) while the TFC was predicted to contain 19% fluvial specialist species, 43% fluvial dependent species, and 38% macrohabitat generalist species. In addition, while the target community was dominated by fish intolerant (37%) and moderately tolerant (39%) of water quality degradation, the existing community was dominated by tolerant individuals (59%) and lacked intolerant species expected in the TFC. Similarity scores for species, habitat use specialization, and water quality degradation tolerance categories were 28%, 35% and 66%, respectively. The clear pattern of deviations from target conditions when observing fish habitat requirements strongly suggests that physical habitat change should be a priority for river enhancement in the Charles River. Comparison of our target and existing fish communities to those from a comprehensive study of Northeastern fish assemblage responses to urban intensity gradients revealed very similar results. Likewise, comparison of our TFC community and affinity scores to those of other TFCs from similar regions also yielded similar results and encouraging findings. Based on the positive results of these comparisons, the utility of the findings from the inference approach, and the widespread adoption of the TFC in the Northeast US, it appears that the TFC approach can be used effectively to identify the composition of a healthy fish community and guide river enhancements in both highly urbanized and non-urbanized streams and rivers in the Northeast US.     

岷江上游流域水电梯级开发的生态环境需水研究

本文通过分析岷江上游水电梯级开发对生态环境的主要影响,确定维持流域生态平衡的最小生态环境需水量测算方法。经测算,岷江上游的生态环境需水量占流域多年平均流量的6%～33%,越靠近源头,生态环境需水量所占比例越大。建议提高岷江上游生态环境需水量所占比例,将生态环境需水占比超过20%的茂县以上河段设为禁止开发区域,取消禁止开发区域内原规划的6级电站。同时在已建电站坝下和各县域出境断面设置生态流量监控断面,确保流域开发的环境生态平衡。