PM2.5及其工业源头控制技术

PM2.5对人体健康和空气质量有巨大的危害,环保部已修订相关法规和文件,将PM2.5纳入我国环境空气质量监测范围,采取有效手段控制PM2.5是我国一项重要的环保目标,在工业企业中采用最先进的表面过滤技术可从源头控制工业PM2.5的排放。     

疏浚污泥的表征及其作为垃圾覆盖材料的可行性研究

比较系统地研究了疏浚污泥的各种参数 ,如渗透系数、浸出毒性、重金属含量等 ,以及作为垃圾覆盖土的可行性。研究结果表明 ,用该污泥作垃圾填埋场覆盖土的边坡稳定性能较好 ,基本上满足作为覆盖土的技术要求 ,使用后不会给垃圾渗滤液的处理增加负担。因此 ,以疏浚污泥作为生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土 ,可同时解决平原型填埋场缺土和疏浚污泥的最终出路问题。     

煤矿复垦地不同覆土厚度对小麦产量影响研究——以淮南煤矸石充填耕地复垦地为例

在淮南新庄孜煤矸石充填耕地复垦地中以覆土厚度水平作为控制因素研究其对小麦产量的影响及其相关性。在一定覆土厚度范围内,不同覆土厚度对小麦产量产生了显著性影响;小麦产量与覆土厚度有高度的线性正相关。其主要原因是底层充填煤矸石颗粒粗糙、坚硬,没有粘性呈分散状,机械阻力大,保水保肥能力弱;覆土厚度薄的地块与厚度厚的地块相比能储存持有的养分水分少进而影响其养分水分的提供。     

覆盖材料对洱海不同湖区沉积物溶解态有机磷和无机磷释放影响及差异

通过模拟实验探讨了4种覆盖材料对洱海不同湖区沉积物溶解态总磷（DTP）、溶解态有机磷（DOP）和溶解态无机磷（SRP）释放影响及差异.结果表明：①与无覆盖对照相比,覆盖材料通过改变洱海沉积物pH和Eh及溶解性有机质（DOM）特征,降低了沉积物DTP最大释放量,其中,覆盖氧化铁对洱海北部和南部沉积物DTP释放控制效果较好,与无覆盖对照相比,释放量分别减少了44.3%和35.71%;而覆盖氧化铝对中部湖区沉积物DTP释放控制效果较好,与无覆盖对照相比,释放量减少了29.6%.②覆盖铁铝氧化物对洱海不同湖区沉积物SRP和DOP释放量影响差异明显,北部湖区沉积物覆盖氧化铁后,SRP和DOP释放量分别降低了35.6%和36.2%,主要是因为其降低了沉积物pH和Eh,而增加了DOM活性所致;中部湖区沉积物覆盖氧化铝后,SRP和DOP释放量分别降低了28.9%和31.6%,与氧化铝促进了该湖区DOM活性密切相关;南部湖区沉积物覆盖氧化铁后,沉积物SRP和DOP释放量分别降低了47.4%和16.5%,则与覆盖氧化铁降低了该湖区沉积物pH和Eh有关.因此,如选择覆盖材料控制洱海不同湖区沉积物磷释放,北部和南部湖区应选择覆盖氧化铁,而中部湖区应选取氧化铝作为覆盖材料.     

竹地板与普通实木地板燃烧性能的锥形量热仪对比实验研究

随着竹地板的广泛应用,竹木地板的火灾燃烧性能也将引起人们的关注.本文采用锥形量热仪对竹木地板的引燃时间、热释放速率、总热释放和一氧化碳的产率及体积比浓度等燃烧性能与普通实木地板进行了比较研究.研究结果表明:在相同条件下,竹木地板试样的引燃时间较短,临界引燃辐射热通量较低,引燃危险相对较大;竹木地板试样燃烧中第一个热释放速率峰值出现的时间短,且峰值相对较大,其潜在的轰燃危险相对较大;此外,竹木试样的一氧化碳的产率和燃烧初期在烟气中的体积比浓度相对较大.     

Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution

Sixteen wooden structures with two roofs each were installed to study runoff quality for four commonly used roofing materials (wood shingle, composition shingle, painted aluminum, and galvanized iron) at Nacogdoches, Texas. Each roof, either facing NW or SE, was 1.22 m wide x 3.66 m long with a 25.8% roof slope. Thus, there were 32 alternatively arranged roofs, consisting of four roof types x two aspects x four replicates, in the study. Runoff from the roofs was collected through galvanized gutters, downspouts, and splitters. The roof runoff was compared to rainwater collected by a wet/dry acid rain collector for the concentrations of eight water quality variables, i.e. Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Al(3+), EC and pH. Based on 31 storms collected between October 1997 and December 1998, the results showed: (1) concentrations of pH, Cu, and Zn in rainwater already exceed the EPA freshwater quality standards even without pollutant inputs from roofs, (2) Zn and Cu, the two most serious pollutants in roof runoff, exceeded the EPA national freshwater water quality standards in virtually 100% and more than 60% of the samples, respectively, (3) pH, EC, and Zn were the only three variables significantly affected by roofing materials, (4) differences in Zn concentrations were significant among all roof types and between all roof runoff and rainwater samples, (5) although there were no differences in Cu concentrations among all roof types and between roof runoff and rainwater, all means and medians of runoff and rainwater exceeded the national water quality standards, (6) water quality from wood shingles was the worst among the roof types studied, and (7) although SE is the most frequent and NW the least frequent direction for incoming storms, only EC, Mg, Mn, and Zn in wood shingle runoff from the SE were significantly higher than those from the NW; the two aspects affected no other elements in runoff from the other three roof types. Also, Zn concentrations from new wood-shingle roofs were significantly higher than those from aged roofs of a previous study. The study demonstrated that roofs could be a serious source of nonpoint water pollution. Since Zn is the most serious water pollutant and wood shingle is the worst of the four roof types, using less compounds and materials associated with Zn along with good care and maintenance of roofs are critical in reducing Zn pollution in roof runoff.     

种植不同冬季作物对稻田甲烷、氧化亚氮排放和土壤微生物的影响

研究双季稻收获后填闲种植不同冬季作物在其生长季节内甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放特征,对合理利用冬闲稻田、发展冬季作物生产及合理评价不同种植模式具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对冬季免耕直播黑麦草、紫云英和冬闲的双季稻田中CH4和N2O排放及其相关微生物数量变化进行了分析。在冬季作物生长期,不同冬季作物稻田CH4和N2O排放通量均显著高于对照（冬闲）,CH4和N2O排放通量均表现为免耕直播黑麦草〉免耕直播紫云英〉冬闲;免耕直播黑麦草和紫云英处理稻田CH4排放量分别为2.28和1.07 g·m^-2,分别比对照增加241.92%和60.63%;N2O排放量分别为0.59和0.48 g·m^-2,分别比对照增加71.93%和40.06%;各处理稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌的数量变化范围分别为0.33×10^2 163.37×10^2 cfu·g^-1、11.05×10^3~245.68×10^3 cfu·g^-1、3.21×10^3~178.26×10^3 cfu·g^-1和10.47×10^5~198.88×10^5 cfu·g-1,免耕直播黑麦草和紫云英处理稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均显著高于冬闲,其中免耕直播黑麦草处理稻田土壤的产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌和硝化细菌数量显著高于免耕直播紫云英处理,而免耕直播紫云英处理稻田土壤反硝化细菌的数量则显著高于免耕直播黑麦草处理。研究结果显示,种植不同冬季作物能促进稻田生态系统中CH4和N2O的排放,而这两种气体的排放量与稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量变化密切相关。     

城市地表覆盖材料的热反应

本文对几种地表覆盖材料在具有“火炉”之称的山城重庆典型夏季气候条件下的热反应进行了实测研究，以期为生态城市设计提供有益的参考数据。     

Losses to the environment from the multilevel cycle of anthropogenic lead

As a component of a multi-level study of the anthropogenic lead cycle for year 2000 (52 countries, 8 regions, and the planet), we have estimated the lead flows in seven emission streams: tailings, slag, fabrication and manufacturing, dissipation from use, hibernation, landfilling, and dispersion following product discard. For every 1 kg of lead put into end use, 0.5 kg is lost to the environment, largely due to landfilling and dissipation from use. From the standpoint of the receiving media, 1/3 of the losses are to uncontained solids on land and 48% of the losses are to containment facilities on land. On a country basis, the largest losses occur in the United States and China, which between them are responsible for about 32% of total global lead losses. On a per capita basis, the highest lead losses occurred in the United Kingdom, Belgium-Luxembourg, and Ireland.     

Chemical composition of water from roofs in Gdansk, Poland

This study deals with the assessment of roof runoff waters from the region of Gdansk collected during the winter season (2007/2008). The chemical analysis includes 16 chemical variables: major ions, PAHs and PCBs measured at 3 sampling sites for 6-14 rain events. Although the data set is of limited volume the statistical data treatment using self-organizing maps (SOM) reveals the main factors controlling roof runoff water quality even for a data set with small dimension. This effort for explanation of the identified factors by the possible emission sources of the urban environment and air-particulate formation seems to be very reliable. Additionally to the roof runoff water quality factors the rain events patterns are found: “background” group of events and groups formally named “PAHs”, “PCBs” and “air-borne particles” - dominated events. The SOM classification results give an opportunity to uncover the role of roof “impact” on the runoff waters.Rain runoff water quality is described by four latent factors and the “roof” impact is uncovered.