Novel operations research methods for efficiently determining irreplaceable sites for conservation

We examine the irreplaceability of sites in the context of the species set covering problem and the maximal covering species problem. We show that a succession of 0-1 programming problems can be solved to quickly determine the set of irreplaceable sites. For the widely available Oregon data set, we find a general lack of trend in the number of irreplaceable sites with the number of sites available for selection used. Moreover, we observe that irreplaceability at one level of resource may not be a predictor of irreplaceability at a higher or a lower level of resource. Finally, we investigate the economic value of irreplaceable sites by trial removals of those sites. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Charles S. ReVelle.     

客土覆盖对降低放射性锶在作物中积累的效应

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究了客土覆盖对降低大豆和白菜(尤其是作物的可食用部分)中⁸⁹Sr积累的效应.结果表明客土覆盖能有效降低大豆和后茬白菜对⁸⁹Sr的吸收和积累,当客土覆盖深度为9cm时,豆籽、豆壳、豆秸和豆根中⁸⁹Sr比活度分别下降了82.8%、56.4%、38.7%和66.5%,后茬白菜下降了68.8%;作物中吸收积累的⁸⁹Sr比活度随客土覆盖深度的增加而下降,实验数据线性回归分析表明两者间呈显著线性负相     

城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题建模

提出了城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题,并对其进行了分类.针对高低级设施相对独立和相互从属的层级选址问题进行了建模.依据城市防灾减灾设施选址问题的特点,提出了两阶段的层级选址过程:(1)使用位置集合覆盖模型确定能覆盖全部需求点所必需的最少设施数量和位置,作为基本等级设施的选址;(2)对独立型层级选址问题,使用最大覆盖准则确定高级设施的位置,对从属型层级选址问题,使用极小和准则确定高级设施的位置.对层级选址问题模型的应用进行了讨论.     

广州某商业中心雨水回收利用设计

以某商业中心为例,介绍了屋面雨水回收用于空调冷却塔补水的设计。根据广州地区雨水资源丰富、水质良好及工程项目的特点,确定了雨水回收范围、回收用途,并进行了月均水量平衡计算。经济效益分析表明,该系统每年可节约市政供水34000m^3,经济效益和环境效益显著。     

氧化聚合型包覆技术（OTC）在热带海洋大气环境螺栓中的应用

目的 研究氧化聚合型技术(OTC)在热带海洋大气环境中对高强螺栓的防护效果。方法 在三亚大气腐蚀试验站开展OTC包覆和未保护的高强螺栓6 a的大气曝晒试验,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)开展腐蚀形貌和成分分析,通过质量损失试验考察OTC包覆和未保护的高强螺栓的腐蚀行为。结果 未经保护的螺栓表面生成大量棕红色的腐蚀产物,XRD分析表明,其主要成分为α-Fe OOH、β-Fe OOH、γ-Fe OOH、Fe3O4和Fe₂O₃等,其中β-Fe OOH晶体结构中含有Cl–,会加速基体腐蚀。经LSCM分析,螺栓垫片整体呈全面腐蚀状态,但同时发生局部腐蚀,最深的点蚀坑达120μm以上。经OTC技术保护的高强螺栓,仅在底部出现少量棕色物质,大部分仍呈现原有的黑色基体表面,OTC包覆螺栓6 a的腐蚀速率约为未保护螺栓的腐蚀速率1/15,OTC包覆垫片表面未出现明显腐蚀。结论 氧化聚合型包覆技术显著降低了高强螺栓的腐蚀速率,具有优良的耐腐蚀性能,在热带海洋大气环境对高强螺栓起到良好的长...     

玄武湖底泥营养物释放的模拟试验研究

对南京市玄武湖底泥的营养状况进行分析,并模拟复水试验,研究其水质情况及其富营养化程度,据此为实际复水提出解决水体富营养化问题应采取的工程措施．     

考虑救援时效的化工园区应急物资储备站点选址模型研究

针对化工园区的应急物资储备站点选址问题,在同时考虑经济因素以及救援效果的基础上,建立了多目标覆盖选址模型,同时引入了应急救援时效函数,以反映物资运输时间对救援效果的影响.最后将模型应用于江苏省南部的化工园区应急物资储存站点的选址问题进行算例分析,使用NSGA-II算法对模型进行求解,并采用TODIM法对得到的帕累托最优...     

施工扬尘环境下短时强降雨屋面径流中砷、汞、铅、镉、锌的污染特征研究

以南京北郊为例,测量分析了屋面径流中砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)5种元素的浓度、形态特征。结果表明:短时强降雨过程中这5种元素浓度在较大范围内无规则波动,且不同元素间浓度分布存在较大差异;Zn与Pb的平均浓度分别高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅴ类和Ⅳ类标准限值,污染程度从大到小依次为ZnPbAsHgCd。元素形态分析表明,径流中除Hg外其他4种元素主要以颗粒态形式存在,各元素颗粒态占总形态的平均分数分别为:As,64.5%;Hg,43.7%;Pb,76.5%;Cd,54.6%;Zn,54.3%。     

楼顶式移动基站电磁辐射污染调查

对南通市楼顶式移动基站电磁辐射污染进行了调查。结果表明,南通市418个楼顶站基站周边地面50 m范围内电磁辐射功率密度值均能满足《电磁环境控制限值》(GB 8702—2014)的要求;楼顶美化天线、集束天线和景观塔等建设较晚的楼顶塔形地面电磁辐射强度相对较小,楼顶角钢塔、拉线塔和抱杆等建设较早的塔形地面电磁辐射强度相对较大;楼顶塔所在楼顶平台监测值存在轻度超标的情况。提出,应严格控制楼顶塔所在楼顶的人员可达性,即基站电磁辐射防护区应高出楼顶2 m以上,避免公众进入基站电磁辐射防护区内,受到基站天线的过量辐射影响。     

Farmyards, an overlooked source for highly contaminated runoff

Summer sampling of storm runoff generated from areas of roofs and hardstanding situated on four dairy/beef farms has provided novel information regarding its microbiological and chemical quality. All farm hardstandings generated runoff that was contaminated with respect to those pollutants (faecal coliforms, FC, and faecal streptococci, FS, major nutrients, organic carbon) that are ubiquitously associated with faecal matter and urine. The separate analysis of roof runoff indicated that these can contribute significant concentrations of FS, phosphorus (P) and potentially toxic elements such as zinc (Zn), and suggests a level of 'background' contamination originating from wash-off of bird droppings and in the case of Zn galvanised surfaces. On average hardstanding runoff showed enhanced concentrations of >4 orders of magnitude for FC and 2-3 for major nutrients and carbon relative to roof runoff. Organic forms of nitrogen (N) and P contributed significantly (averaging >40%) to the total dissolved fraction in both roof and hardstanding runoff. Part of the substantial variability in composition of runoff samples could be attributed to differences between farms as well as the timing of sample collection during individual storms. Where situations allowed, a comparison of water upstream and downstream of the farmyard demonstrated they acted as a source of multiple contaminants not only during hydrologically active storm events but also during dry periods. Contamination pathways included a combination of both point (e.g., septic overflows) and non-point (e.g., seepage from livestock housing) sources. Farmyards situated within intensive livestock farming areas such as SW Scotland, would be expected to have significant local and accumulated downstream impacts on the aquatic environment. Localised impacts would be particularly important for headwaters and low order streams.